3&#39;3&#39;-cyclic dinucleotide analogue comprising a cyclopentanyl modified nucleotide as sting modulator

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to 3′3′-cyclic dinucleotides having a carbocyclic nucleotide and derivatives that can modulate the activity of the STING adaptor protein.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/815,169, filed Mar. 7, 2019, which is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to novel 3′3′-cyclic dinucleotides comprising a carbocyclic nucleotide, compositions comprising such compounds, methods for their synthesis, and their use in the therapy of various conditions.

BACKGROUND

The immune system has evolved mechanisms to eliminate pathogens and to maintain the homeostasis of the host. It can be principally divided into two branches: innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immune system recognizes the presence of pathogen or disruption of the homeostasis of the host by a battery of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) which detect a small set of ligands associated with pathogens or damage. These ligands are generally called Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) or Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) (Takeuchi 0 et al, Cell, 2010:140, 805-820). A number of PRRs have been identified over past two decades including Toll-like receptors, retinoic acids inducible gene (RIG-I)-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like (NOD) receptors, C-type lectin receptor and cytosolic DNA sensors (Brubaker S W et al, Annu Rev Immunol, 2015:33, 257-290). Recognition of PAMPs and DAMPs by PRRs ultimately leads to the upregulation of cytokines and chemokines, including interferons, and recruitment of immune cells to the sites of infection. All of these processes slow down pathogen replication and contribute to the development of adaptive immunity.

Cellular DNA is normally restricted to the nucleus and mitochondria of healthy cells. DNA present in cytosol, therefore, represents a signal indicating the presence of pathogen or disruption of the host homeostasis. The sensing of exogenous DNA in cytosol of host cells initiates two distinct innate immune signaling cascades. The first includes AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) and interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and induces formation of an inflammasome complex, which in turn processes pro-interleukin (IL) 113 and pro-IL-18 to active cytokines (Wang Q at al. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets, 2015: 19, 113). The second pathway involves DNA-dependent activator of IRFs (DAI), DEAD box polypeptide 41 (DDX41) and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS, also referred to as MB21D1) and triggers activation of the transcription factors NFκ-B (nuclear factor kappa B) and IRF-3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) via adaptor protein STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes, also called TMEM173, MITA, ERIS) (Unterholzner L, Immunology, 2013: 218, 1312-1321).

Alternatively, STING adaptor protein can be activated by the second messenger cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) (Burdette et al. Nature 2011: 478, 515-518). CDNs with affinity to STING contain two purine nucleotide monophosphates linked with either two 3′-5′ (3′3′-CDNs), two 2′-5′ (2′2′-CDNs) or 2′-5′ and 3′-5′ phosphodiester bonds (2′3′-CDNs). The prototype 2′3′-cGAMP (c[G(2′,5′)pA(3′,5′)p]) is a product of the activation of host cGAS protein in the presence of pathogen or self dsDNA (Zhang et al, Molecular Cell 2013:51, 226-235). Activation of STING ultimately results in release of type I and III interferons and variety of cytokines and chemokines such as IL-6, TNF-α and INF-γ.

The type I interferons (IFNs) are immune-regulatory cytokines that play a pivotal role in viral immunity. They can induce dendritic cell (DC) and macrophage maturation and activation (Galluci et al, Nat Med, 1999:5, 1249-1255) and can promote T- and B-cell survival, activation and differentiation. Furthermore, the interferons are capable of activating numerous intracellular pathways that inhibit virus replication. The clinical utility of type I interferons has been demonstrated by their usefulness in treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C (Lin and Young, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2014:25, 369-376).

In addition, interferons have shown utility in treatment of human cancers (Cohen et al, N Engl J Med, 2005:353, 2477-2490, Tsao et al, N Engl J Med, 2004:351, 998-1012). They can inhibit proliferation of tumor cells and may be synergistic with many approved anticancer agents. Furthermore, type-I-IFNs can act on immune cells to induce antitumor response (Musella et al, Oncoimmunology 2017:6:e1314424). Type I IFN signaling was shown to be important in tumor-initiated T cell priming in mice. Animals lacking the IFN-α/β receptor in dendritic cells were unable to reject immunogenic tumors, and were defective in antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells (Fuertes et al, J Exp Med, 2011:208, 2005-2016, Diamond et al, J Exp Med, 2011:208:1989-2003). Consistent with these observations, intratumoral injection of STING protein agonists has been shown to induce regression of established tumors in mice and to generate substantial systemic immune responses capable of rejecting distant metastases and providing long-lived immunologic memory (Corrales et al, Cell Rep, 2015:11, 1018-1030).

CDNs are believed to promote priming of both cellular and humoral immunity. For example, CDNs were shown to be an effective adjuvant in animal models (Dubensky et al, Ther Adv Vaccines, 2013:1, 131-143.

Patent publications WO 2014/093936, WO 2014/189805, WO 2013/185052, US 2014/03441976, WO 2015/077354, WO 2015/185565, WO 2016/145102, WO 2017/093933, WO 2017/027646, WO 2017/027645, WO 2017/175156, WO 2017/175147, WO 2017/123657, WO 2018/013908, WO 2018/013887, WO2018/009652, WO 2018/009648, and WO 2018/009466 disclose certain compounds and their use in inducing an immune response.

Administration of a small molecule agonist of STING could result in stimulation of the innate immune system response, including induction of interferons and other cytokines. Such an agonist could find utility as an anti-viral and anti-cancer agent, act as an adjuvant in vaccines, or could be used in the treatment of allergic or other inflammatory diseases such as rhinitis or asthma. It is an object of this disclosure to describe novel cyclic dinucleotides and derivatives thereof that may find utility in the treatments of these diseases.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In one aspect, provided herein is a compound of Formula (I):

or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

-   X¹ and X³ are each independently OH, OR³, SH, or SH³; -   X² and X⁴ are each independently O or S; -   Y is O or CH₂; -   R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(2a), and R^(2b) are each independently H, OR⁵,     NH₂, or halogen; -   each R⁵ is independently H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   each R³ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or —L—R⁴; -   each R⁴ is independently —O(C═O)—N(R^(4a))₂, —O(C═O)—NHR^(4a),     —O(C═O)—R^(4a), or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); -   each R^(4a) is independently C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀     alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-(C₃-C₁₄ cycloalkyl) or C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl,     which are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R^(4b); -   each R^(4b) is independently —OH, —SH, —NH₂, ═O, ═NH, ═S, halogen,     —N₃, —CN, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or C₁-C₆     dialkylamino; -   L is L¹, L¹—O(C═O)—L², L¹—(C═O)O—L², L¹—O—L², L¹—S(O)_(n)—L²,     LiO(C═O)O—L², L¹—O(C═O)NR⁶—L², L¹—NR⁶(C═O)O—L², or     L¹—O(C═O)—L²—O—L³; -   L¹ is C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₂-C₆ alkenylene, C₂-C₆ alkynylene, or C₂-C₁₃     alkylarylene; -   L² is C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₂-C₆ alkenylene, C₂-C₆ alkynylene, C₆-C₁₀     arylene, or 5- to 10-membered heteroarylene; -   L³ is C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₂-C₆ alkenylene, or C₂-C₆ alkynylene; -   R⁶ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   n is 0, 1, or 2; -   Base¹ and Base² are each independently

-   wherein -   A, A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are each independently H, OH, SH, F, Cl, Br, I,     NH₂, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁵, NHR¹⁵, N(R¹⁵)₂, or R¹⁶; -   each Z is independently O, S, or NR¹⁵; -   each R¹⁵ is independently H, —C(═Z¹)R¹⁶, —C(═Z¹)OR¹⁶, —C(═Z¹)SR¹⁶,     —C(═Z¹)N(R¹⁶)₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₇     cycloalkyl, C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₂-C₁₀     heteroaryl; -   each Z′ is independently O or S; and -   each R¹⁶ is independently H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or     C₂-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

The present disclosure includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of Formula (I), or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, and/or diluent.

Also described herein is a method of treating a disease or disorder, e.g., a method of treating or preventing an infectious disease, cancer, or inflammatory disease, comprising administering to a human or animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing.

Further described herein is a method of enhancing the efficacy of a vaccine, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing.

Further described herein is a method of modulating the activity of STING adaptor protein to induce production of a type I interferon, cytokine and/or chemokine dependent on the STING adaptor protein, e.g., inducing a STING adaptor protein-dependent type I interferon, cytokine or chemokine in a human or animal, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. General

The disclosure provides novel carbocyclic nucleotides that bind to and modulate the activity of, e.g., activate, the STING adaptor protein.

II. Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. A dash at the front or end of a chemical group is a matter of convenience to indicate the point of attachment to a parent moiety; chemical groups may be depicted with or without one or more dashes without losing their ordinary meaning. A prefix such as “C_(u-v)” or “C_(u)-C_(v)” indicates that the following group has from u to v carbon atoms, where u and v are integers. For example, “C₁₋₆ alkyl” or “C₁-C₆ alkyl” indicates that the alkyl group has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

“Alkyl” is a linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon. For example, an alkyl group can have 1 to 10 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁₋₁₀ alkyl) or 1 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁-8 alkyl) or 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁-6 alkyl) or 1 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁₋₄ alkyl). Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (Me, —CH₃), ethyl (Et, —CH₂CH₃), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, —CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, —CH(CH₃)₂), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-methyl-1-propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, —C(CH₃)₃), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-pentyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-2-butyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₃), 3-methyl-2-butyl (—CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)₂), 3-methyl-1-butyl (—CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-1-butyl (—CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 1-hexyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2-hexyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-hexyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)(CH₂CH₂CH₃)), 2-methyl-2-pentyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 3-methyl-2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃), 4-methyl-2-pentyl (—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 3-methyl-3-pentyl (—C(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃)₂), 2-methyl-3-pentyl (—CH(CH₂CH₃)CH(CH₃)₂), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (—C(CH₃)₂CH(CH₃)₂), 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (—CH(CH₃)C(CH₃)₃, and octyl (—(CH₂)₇CH₃).

“Alkylene” as used herein refers to a bivalent linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical derived from an alkane by removal of two hydrogen atoms from different carbon atoms.

“Alkoxy” refers to the group —O-alkyl, where alkyl is as defined above. For example, C₁₋₄ alkoxy refers to an —O-alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbons.

“Alkenyl” is a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical with at least one carbon-carbon double bond. For example, an alkenyl group can have 2 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₈ alkenyl) or 2 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂ alkenyl) or 2 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₄ alkenyl). Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl (—CH═CH₂), allyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), and —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₃.

“Alkenylene” as used herein refers to a bivalent linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical with at least one carbon-carbon double bond derived from an alkene by removal of two hydrogen atoms from different carbon atoms.

“Alkynyl” is a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. For example, an alkynyl group can have 2 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₈ alkynyl) or 2 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₆ alkynyl) or 2 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂₋₄ alkynyl). Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, acetylenyl (—C═CH), propargyl (—CH₂C≡CH), and —CH₂—C≡C—CH₃.

“Alkynylene” as used herein refers to a bivalent linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond derived from an alkyne by removal of two hydrogen atoms from different carbon atoms.

“Halo” or “halogen” as used herein refers to fluoro (—F), chloro (—Cl), bromo (—Br) and iodo (—I).

“Aryl” as used herein refers to a single all carbon aromatic ring or a multiple condensed all carbon ring system wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic. For example, in certain embodiments, an aryl group has 6 to 20 carbon atoms, 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or 6 to 12 carbon atoms. Aryl includes a phenyl radical. Aryl also includes multiple condensed ring systems (e.g., ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 rings) having about 9 to 20 carbon atoms in which at least one ring is aromatic and wherein the other rings may be aromatic or not aromatic (i.e., carbocycle). Such multiple condensed ring systems are optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2 or 3) oxo groups on any carbocycle portion of the multiple condensed ring system. The rings of the multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements. It is also to be understood that when reference is made to a certain atom-range membered aryl (e.g., 6-10 membered aryl), the atom range is for the total ring atoms of the aryl. For example, a 6-membered aryl would include phenyl and a 10-membered aryl would include naphthyl and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, indenyl, naphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, anthracenyl, and the like.

“Arylene” as used herein refers to a bivalent radical on a single aromatic ring or multiple condensed all carbon ring system, wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, formed by removal of two hydrogen atoms from different carbon atoms on the ring or ring system.

An “alkylaryl” as used herein refers to an alkyl as defined herein, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl are independently replaced by an aryl substituent, which may be the same or different. The alkyl group and the aryl group can be any of those described above. In certain embodiments, an alkylaryl group has 7 to 24 carbon atoms, 7 to 16 carbon atoms, 7 to 13 carbon atoms, or 7 to 11 carbon atoms. An alkylaryl group defined by the number of carbon atoms refers to the total number of carbon atoms present in the constitutive alkyl and aryl groups combined. For example, C₇ alkylaryl refers to benzyl, while C¹¹ alkylaryl includes 1-methylnaphthyl and n-pentylphenyl. Non-limiting examples of alkylaryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2,2-dimethylphenyl, n-pentylphenyl, 1-methylnaphthyl, 2-ethylnaphthyl, and the like. Alkylaryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted.

“Alkylarylene” as used herein refers to a bivalent radical on the group formed from an alkane attached to an aromatic ring, wherein the radical is formed by removal of two hydrogen atoms from each of the alkane and the aromatic ring.

“Heteroaryl” as used herein refers to a single aromatic ring that has at least one atom other than carbon in the ring, wherein the atom is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; “heteroaryl” also includes multiple condensed ring systems that have at least one such aromatic ring, which multiple condensed ring systems are further described below. Thus, “heteroaryl” includes single aromatic rings of from about 1 to 6 carbon atoms and about 1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The sulfur and nitrogen atoms may also be present in an oxidized form provided the ring is aromatic. Exemplary heteroaryl ring systems include but are not limited to pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, oxazolyl or furyl. “Heteroaryl” also includes multiple condensed ring systems (e.g., ring systems comprising 2 rings) wherein a heteroaryl group, as defined above, is condensed with one or more rings selected from heteroaryls (to form for example 1,8-naphthyridinyl), heterocycles, (to form for example 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridinyl), carbocycles (to form for example 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolyl) and aryls (to form for example indazolyl) to form the multiple condensed ring system. Thus, a heteroaryl (a single aromatic ring or multiple condensed ring system) has about 1-9 carbon atoms and about 1-6 heteroatoms within the heteroaryl ring. Such multiple condensed ring systems may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4) oxo groups on the carbocycle or heterocycle portions of the condensed ring. The rings of the multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements. It is to be understood that the individual rings of the multiple condensed ring system may be connected in any order relative to one another. It is to be understood that the point of attachment for a heteroaryl or heteroaryl multiple condensed ring system can be at any suitable atom of the heteroaryl or heteroaryl multiple condensed ring system including a carbon atom and a heteroatom (e.g., a nitrogen). It also to be understood that when a reference is made to a certain atom-range membered heteroaryl (e.g., a 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl), the atom range is for the total ring atoms of the heteroaryl and includes carbon atoms and heteroatoms. For example, a 5-membered heteroaryl would include a thiazolyl and a 10-membered heteroaryl would include a quinolinyl. A heteroaryl ring may also be described by the number of carbons within the ring, e.g., a 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl can also be described as a C₂-C₈ heteroaryl. Exemplary heteroaryls include but are not limited to pyridyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, thienyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, indazolyl, quinoxalyl, quinazolyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, thianaphthenyl, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, quinazolinyl-4(3H)-one, and triazolyl.

“Heteroarylene” as used herein refers to a bivalent radical on a heteroaromatic ring or ring system, wherein the radical is formed by removal of two hydrogen atoms from different carbons.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to a single saturated or partially unsaturated all carbon ring having 3 to 20 annular carbon atoms (i.e., C₃₋₂₀ cycloalkyl), for example from 3 to 12 annular atoms, for example from 3 to 10 annular atoms, or 3 to 8 annular atoms, or 3 to 6 annular atoms, or 3 to 5 annular atoms, or 3 to 4 annular atoms. The term “cycloalkyl” also includes multiple condensed, saturated and partially unsaturated all carbon ring systems (e.g., ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 carbocyclic rings). Accordingly, cycloalkyl includes multicyclic carbocycles such as a bicyclic carbocycles (e.g., bicyclic carbocycles having about 6 to 12 annular carbon atoms such as bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane), and polycyclic carbocycles (e.g. tricyclic and tetracyclic carbocycles with up to about 20 annular carbon atoms). The rings of a multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements. Non-limiting examples of monocyclic cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl, 1-cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl and 1-cyclohex-3-enyl.

“Heterocyclyl” or “heterocycle” or “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein refers to a single saturated or partially unsaturated non-aromatic ring or a non-aromatic multiple ring system that has at least one heteroatom in the ring (i.e., at least one annular heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur). Unless otherwise specified, a heterocyclyl group has from 3 to about 20 annular atoms, for example from 3 to 12 annular atoms, for example from 3 to 10 annular atoms, or 3 to 8 annular atoms, or 3 to 6 annular atoms, or 3 to 5 annular atoms, or 4 to 6 annular atoms, or 4 to 5 annular atoms. Thus, the term includes single saturated or partially unsaturated rings (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered rings) having from about 1 to 6 annular carbon atoms and from about 1 to 3 annular heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in the ring. The rings of the multiple condensed ring (e.g. bicyclic heterocyclyl) system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements. Heterocycles include, but are not limited to, azetidine, aziridine, imidazolidine, morpholine, oxirane (epoxide), oxetane, thietane, piperazine, piperidine, pyrazolidine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, pyrrolidinone, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, dihydropyridine, tetrahydropyridine, quinuclidine, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptan-6-yl, 6-oxa-1-azaspiro[3.3]heptan-1-yl, 2-thia-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptan-6-yl, 2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl, 2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-yl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanyl, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl, 4-azaspiro[2.4]heptanyl, 5-azaspiro[2.4]heptanyl, and the like.

“Oxo” as used herein refers to ═O.

“Substituted” as used herein refers to wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the group are independently replaced by one or more substituents (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 or more) as indicated.

A “compound of the present disclosure” includes compounds disclosed herein, for example a compound of the present disclosure includes compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), and (IV), including the compounds of the Examples.

“Treatment” or “treat” or “treating” as used herein refers to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results. For purposes of the present disclosure, beneficial or desired results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of a symptom and/or diminishment of the extent of a symptom and/or preventing a worsening of a symptom associated with a disease or condition. In one embodiment, “treatment” or “treating” includes one or more of the following: a) inhibiting the disease or condition (e.g., decreasing one or more symptoms resulting from the disease or condition, and/or diminishing the extent of the disease or condition); b) slowing or arresting the development of one or more symptoms associated with the disease or condition (e.g., stabilizing the disease or condition, delaying the worsening or progression of the disease or condition); and c) relieving the disease or condition, e.g., causing the regression of clinical symptoms, ameliorating the disease state, delaying the progression of the disease, increasing the quality of life, and/or prolonging survival.

“Delaying” as used herein refers to development of a disease or condition means to defer, hinder, slow, retard, stabilize and/or postpone development of the disease or condition. This delay can be of varying lengths of time, depending on the history of the disease and/or individual being treated. As is evident to one skilled in the art, a sufficient or significant delay can, in effect, encompass prevention, in that the individual does not develop the disease or condition.

“Prevent” or “prevention” or “preventing” as used herein refers to a regimen that protects against the onset of the disease or disorder such that the clinical symptoms of the disease do not develop. Thus, “prevention” relates to administration of a therapy (e.g., administration of a therapeutic substance) to a subject before signs of the disease are detectable in the subject (e.g., administration of a therapeutic substance to a subject in the absence of detectable infectious agent (e.g., virus) in the subject). The subject may be an individual at risk of developing the disease or disorder, such as an individual who has one or more risk factors known to be associated with development or onset of the disease or disorder. Thus, in certain embodiments, the term “preventing HBV infection” refers to administering to a subject who does not have a detectable HBV infection an anti-HBV therapeutic substance. It is understood that the subject for anti-HBV preventative therapy may be an individual at risk of contracting the HBV virus. It is also understood that prevention does not require a 100% success rate. In some instances, prevention may be understood as a reduction of the risk of infection, but not a complete elimination the occurrence of an infection.

“Modulation” or “modulating” the activity of a protein, e.g., a STING adaptor protein, as used herein refers to alteration of the activity such that the activity increases or decreases. In some embodiments, the modulation increases the activity.

“Viral infection” describes a diseased state in which a virus invades healthy cells, uses the cell's reproductive machinery to multiply or replicate and ultimately lyse the cell resulting in cell death, release of viral particles and the infection of other cells by the newly produced progeny viruses. Latent infection by certain viruses is also a possible result of viral infection.

“Enhancing” refers to any form of increase in the immunogenic activity of an effective dosage of a vaccine as a result of administering to an animal or a human a therapeutically effective dose of a compound of the disclosure, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), wherein said compound is administered at any time prior to, simultaneous with, or just after administration to the same animal or human of the effective dosage of a vaccine.

“Animal” as used herein refers to a mammal, for example, a domestic animal such as a pig, a cow, a horse, a dog, a cat, a rat, or a mouse, or a non-human primate such as a cynomolgus monkey or chimpanzee.

“At risk individual” as used herein refers to an individual who is at risk of developing a condition to be treated. An individual “at risk” may or may not have detectable disease or condition, and may or may not have displayed detectable disease prior to the treatment of methods described herein. “At risk” denotes that an individual has one or more so-called risk factors, which are measurable parameters that correlate with development of a disease or condition and are known in the art. An individual having one or more of these risk factors has a higher probability of developing the disease or condition than an individual without these risk factor(s).

“Therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” as used herein refers to an amount that is effective to elicit the desired biological or medical response, including the amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease. The effective amount will vary depending on the compound, the disease, and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the subject to be treated. The effective amount can include a range of amounts. As is understood in the art, an effective amount may be in one or more doses, i.e., a single dose or multiple doses may be required to achieve the desired treatment endpoint. An effective amount may be considered in the context of administering one or more therapeutic agents, and a single agent may be considered to be given in an effective amount if, in conjunction with one or more other agents, a desirable or beneficial result may be or is achieved. Suitable doses of any co-administered compounds may optionally be lowered due to the combined action (e.g., additive or synergistic effects) of the compounds.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes without limitation any adjuvant, carrier, excipient, glidant, sweetening agent, diluent, preservative, dye/colorant, flavor enhancer, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonic agent, solvent, or emulsifier which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as being acceptable for use in humans or domestic animals.

“Co-administration” as used herein refers to administration of unit dosages of the compounds disclosed herein before or after administration of unit dosages of one or more additional therapeutic agents, for example, administration of the compound disclosed herein within seconds, minutes, or hours of the administration of one or more additional therapeutic agents. For example, in some embodiments, a unit dose of a compound of the present disclosure is administered first, followed within seconds or minutes by administration of a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents. Alternatively, in other embodiments, a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered first, followed by administration of a unit dose of a compound of the present disclosure within seconds or minutes. In some embodiments, a unit dose of a compound of the present disclosure is administered first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents. In other embodiments, a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of a compound of the present disclosure. Co-administration of a compound disclosed herein with one or more additional therapeutic agents generally refers to simultaneous or sequential administration of a compound disclosed herein and one or more additional therapeutic agents, such that therapeutically effective amounts of each agent are present in the body of the patient.

Provided are also pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, tautomeric forms, polymorphs, and prodrugs of the compounds described herein. “Pharmaceutically acceptable” or “physiologically acceptable” refer to compounds, salts, compositions, dosage forms and other materials which are useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is suitable for veterinary or human pharmaceutical use.

The compounds described herein may be prepared and/or formulated as pharmaceutically acceptable salts or when appropriate as a free base. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are non-toxic salts of a free base form of a compound that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the free base. These salts may be derived from inorganic or organic acids or bases. For example, a compound that contains a basic nitrogen may be prepared as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt by contacting the compound with an inorganic or organic acid. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include sulfates, pyrosulfates, bisulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, phosphates, monohydrogen-phosphates, dihydrogenphosphates, metaphosphates, pyrophosphates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, acetates, propionates, decanoates, caprylates, acrylates, formates, isobutyrates, caproates, heptanoates, propiolates, oxalates, malonates, succinates, suberates, sebacates, fumarates, maleates, butyne-1,4-dioates, hexyne-1,6-dioates, benzoates, chlorobenzoates, methylbenzoates, dinitrobenzoates, hydroxybenzoates, methoxybenzoates, phthalates, sulfonates, methylsulfonates, propylsulfonates, besylates, xylenesulfonates, naphthalene-1-sulfonates, naphthalene-2-sulfonates, phenylacetates, phenylpropionates, phenylbutyrates, citrates, lactates, γ-hydroxybutyrates, glycolates, tartrates, and mandelates. Lists of other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are found in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21^(st) Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa., 2006.

Examples of “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” of the compounds disclosed herein also include salts derived from an appropriate base, such as an alkali metal (for example, sodium, potassium), an alkaline earth metal (for example, magnesium), ammonium and N(C₁-C₄ alkyl)₄ ⁺. Also included are base addition salts, such as sodium or potassium salts.

Provided are also compounds described herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, isomers, or a mixture thereof, in which from 1 to n hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom may be replaced by a deuterium atom or D, in which n is the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule. As known in the art, the deuterium atom is a non-radioactive isotope of the hydrogen atom. Such compounds may increase resistance to metabolism, and thus may be useful for increasing the half-life of the compounds described herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, isomer, or a mixture thereof when administered to a mammal. See, e.g., Foster, “Deuterium Isotope Effects in Studies of Drug Metabolism”, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 5(12):524-527 (1984). Such compounds are synthesized by means well known in the art, for example by employing starting materials in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium.

Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosed compounds also include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ³⁶Cl, ¹²³I, and ¹²⁵I, respectively. Substitution with positron emitting isotopes, such as ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹⁵O and ¹³N, can be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy. Isotopically-labeled compounds of Formula (I) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Examples as set out below using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.

The compounds of the embodiments disclosed herein, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)- or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids. The present disclosure is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (+) and (−), (R)- and (S)-, or (D)- and (L)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques, for example, chromatography and fractional crystallization. Conventional techniques for the preparation/isolation of individual enantiomers include chiral synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor or resolution of the racemate (or the racemate of a salt or derivative) using, for example, chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centres of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included. Where compounds are represented in their chiral form, it is understood that the embodiment encompasses, but is not limited to, the specific diastereomerically or enantiomerically enriched form. Where chirality is not specified but is present, it is understood that the embodiment is directed to either the specific diastereomerically or enantiomerically enriched form; or a racemic or scalemic mixture of such compound(s). As used herein, “scalemic mixture” is a mixture of stereoisomers at a ratio other than 1:1.

“Stereoisomer” as used herein refers to a compound made up of the same atoms bonded by the same bonds but having different three-dimensional structures, which are not interchangeable. The present disclosure contemplates various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof and includes “enantiomers”, which refers to two stereoisomers whose molecules are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.

“Tautomer” as used herein refers to a proton shift from one atom of a molecule to another atom of the same molecule. The present disclosure includes tautomers of any said compounds.

“Solvate” as used herein refers to the result of the interaction of a solvent and a compound. Solvates of salts of the compounds described herein are also provided. Hydrates of the compounds described herein are also provided.

“Hydrate” as used herein refers to a compound of the disclosure that is chemically associated with one or more molecules of water.

“Prodrug” as used herein refers to a derivative of a drug that upon administration to the human body is converted to the parent drug according to some chemical or enzymatic pathway.

III. Compounds

Provided herein is a compound of Formula (J):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X¹ and X³ are each independently OH, OR³, SH, or SR³; X² and X⁴ are each independently O or S;

Y is O or CH₂;

R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(2a), and R^(2b) are each independently H, OR⁵, NH₂, or halogen; each R⁵ is independently H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; each R³ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or —L—R⁴; each R⁴ is independently —O(C═O)—N(R^(4a))₂, —O(C═O)—NHR^(4a), —O(C═O)—R^(4a), or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); each R^(4a) is independently C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-(C₃-C₁₄ cycloalkyl) or C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl, wherein each R^(4a) is independently optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R^(4b);

each R^(4b) is independently —OH, —SH, —NH₂, ═O, ═NH, ═S, halogen, —N₃, —CN, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or C₁-C₆ dialkylamino;

L is L¹, L¹—O(C═O)—L², L¹—(C═O)O—L², L¹—O—L², L¹—S(O)_(n)—L², L¹—O(C═O)O—L², L¹—O(C═O)NR⁶—L², L¹—NR⁶(C═O)O—L², or L¹—O(C═O)—L²—O-L³; L¹ is C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₂-C₆ alkenylene, C₂-C₆ alkynylene, or C₇-C₁₃ alkylarylene; L² is C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₂-C₆ alkenylene, C₂-C₆ alkynylene, C₆-C₁₀ arylene, or 5- to 10-membered heteroarylene; L³ is C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₂-C₆ alkenylene, or C₂-C₆ alkynylene; R⁶ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; n is 0, 1, or 2; Base¹ and Base² are each independently

wherein A, A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are each independently H, OH, SH, F, Cl, Br, I, NH₂, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁵, NHR¹⁵, N(R¹⁵)₂, or R¹⁶; each Z is independently O, S, or NR¹⁵; each R¹⁵ is independently H, —C(═Z¹)R¹⁶, —C(═Z¹)OR¹⁶, —C(═Z¹)SR¹⁶, —C(═Z¹)N(R¹⁶)₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₂-C₁₀ heteroaryl; each Z¹ is independently O or S; and each R¹⁶ is independently H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₂-heterocycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₂-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

Provided herein is a compound of Formula (I),

-   or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically     acceptable salt thereof, -   wherein -   X¹ and X³ are each independently OH, OR³, SH, or SR³; -   X² and X⁴ are each independently O or S; -   Y is O or CH₂; -   R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(2a), and R^(2b) are each independently H, OR⁵,     NH₂, or halogen; -   each R⁵ is independently H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   each R³ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or —L—R⁴; -   each R⁴ is independently —O(C═O)—N(R^(4a))₂, —O(C═O)—NHR^(4a),     —O(C═O)—R^(4a), or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); -   each R^(4a) is independently C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀     alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-(C₃-C₁₄ cycloalkyl) or C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl,     which are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R^(4b); -   each R^(4b) is independently —OH, —SH, —NH₂, ═O, ═NH, ═S, halogen,     —N₃, —CN, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, -   C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or C₁-C₆ dialkylamino; L is L¹,     L¹—O(C═O)—L², L¹—(C═O)O—L², L¹—O—L², L¹—S(O)_(n)—L², L¹—O(C═O)O—L², -   L¹—O(C═O)NR⁶—L², L¹—NR⁶(C═O)O—L², or L¹—O(C═O)—L²—O-L³; -   L¹ is C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₂-C₆ alkenylene, C₂-C₆ alkynylene, or C₇-C₁₃     alkylarylene; -   L² is C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₂-C₆ alkenylene, C₂-C₆ alkynylene, C₆-C₁₀     arylene, or 5- to 10-membered heteroarylene; -   L³ is C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₂-C₆ alkenylene, or C₂-C₆ alkynylene; -   R⁶ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   n is 0, 1, or 2; -   Base¹ and Base² are each independently

-   wherein -   A, A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are each independently H, OH, SH, F, Cl, Br, I,     NH₂, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁵, NHR¹⁵, N(R¹⁵)₂, or R¹⁶; -   each Z is independently O, S, or NR¹⁵; -   each R¹⁵ is independently H, —C(═Z¹)R¹⁶, —C(═Z¹)OR¹⁶, —C(═Z¹)SR¹⁶,     —C(═Z¹)N(R¹⁶)₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₇     cycloalkyl, C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₂-C₁₀     heteroaryl; -   each Z¹ is independently O or S; and -   each R¹⁶ is independently H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₂-heterocycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or     C₂-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the structure of Formula (II):

-   -   or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically         acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I) and/or (II), Y is CH₂. In some embodiments, Y is O.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I) and/or (II), X² and X⁴ are each O.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) and/or (II) has the structure of Formula (III):

-   -   or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically         acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II) and/or (III), Base¹ and Base² are each independently:

-   -   wherein     -   A, A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are each independently H, OH, SH, F, Cl,         Br, I, NH₂, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁵, NHR¹⁵, or N(R¹⁵)₂.

In some embodiments, Base¹ and Base² are each independently:

-   -   wherein     -   A, A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are each independently H, OH, SH, F, Cl,         Br, I, NH₂, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁵, NHR¹⁵, N(R¹⁵)₂, or R¹⁶.

In some embodiments, Base¹ and Base² are each independently:

In some embodiments, Base¹ and Base² are each independently:

In some embodiments, Base¹ and Base² are each independently:

In some embodiments, Base¹ and Base² are each independently:

In some embodiments, Base¹ is

and Base² is

In some embodiments, Base¹ is

and Base² is

In some embodiments, Base¹ is

and Base² is

In some embodiments, Base¹ is

and Base² is

In some embodiments, Base¹ and Base² are each

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), and/or (III), A¹ is OH. In some embodiments, A¹ is NH₂.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), and/or (III), A² is H and A¹ is NH₂. In some embodiments, A² is NH₂ and A¹ is OH.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), and/or (III), A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are each independently H, OH, or NH₂. In some embodiments, A¹ is OH or NH₂. In some embodiments, A² is H or NH₂. In some embodiments, A³ is H or NH₂. In some embodiments, A⁴ is NH₂.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I), (II), and/or (III) has the structure of Formula (IV):

-   -   or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically         acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), A¹, A², and A³ are each independently H, OH, or NH₂. In some embodiments, A¹ is OH or NH₂. In some embodiments, A² is H or NH₂. In some embodiments, A³ is H or NH₂. In some embodiments, A¹ is OH or NH₂; A² is H or NH₂; and A³ is H.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), X¹ and X³ are each independently OH or SH. In some embodiments, X¹ and X³ are each OH. In some embodiments, X¹ and X³ are each SH. In some embodiments, X¹ is SH; and X³ is OH. In some embodiments, X¹ is OH; and X³ is SH.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), X¹ is OH; and X³ is OR³. In some embodiments, X¹ is OR³; and X³ is OH. In some embodiments, X¹ and X³ are each independently OR³. In some embodiments, X¹ is SR³; and X³ is OH. In some embodiments, X¹ is OH; and X³ is SR³. In some embodiments, X¹ is SR³; and X³ is SH. In some embodiments, X¹ is SH; and X³ is SR³. In some embodiments, X¹ and X³ are each independently SR³.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), each R³ is independently —L—R⁴.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), L is L¹, L¹—O(C═O)—L², L¹—(C═O)O-L², L¹—O—L², L¹—O(C═O)O—L², L¹—O(C═O)NR⁶—L², or L¹—NR⁶(C═O)O—L². In some embodiments, L is L¹, L¹—O(C═O)—L², L¹—(C═O)O-L², L¹—O—L², or L¹—O(C═O)O—L². In some embodiments, L is L¹, L¹—O(C═O)—L², or L¹—O—L².

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), L¹ is C₁-C₆ alkylene or C₇-C₁₃ alkylarylene. In some embodiments, L′ is C₁-C₆ alkylene, such as —CH₂—. In some embodiments, L¹ is C₇-C₁₃ alkylarylene, such as —CH₂—Ph—.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), L² is C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₆-C₁₀ arylene, or 5- to 10-membered heteroarylene. In some embodiments, L² is C₁-C₆ alkylene or C₆-C₁₀ arylene. In some embodiments, L² is C₁-C₆ alkylene, such as —CH₂—. In some embodiments, L² is C₆-C₁₀ arylene, such as phenylene.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), L is L¹, L¹—O(C═O)—L², or L¹—O—L²; L¹ is C₁-C₆ alkylene or C₇-C₁₃ alkylarylene; L² is C₁-C₆ alkylene or C₆-C₁₀ arylene.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), R⁴ is —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a).

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), R^(4a) is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, or —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-(C₃-C₁₄ cycloalkyl). In some embodiments, R^(4a) is C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl, e.g., C₃-C₁₆ cycloalkyl, C₃—C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, or C₄-C₇ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R^(4a) is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl or —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-(C₃-C₁₄ cycloalkyl). In some embodiments, R^(4a) is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl or —CH₂—(C₃-C₁₄ cycloalkyl). In some embodiments, R^(4a) is —CH₂—(C₃-C₁₄ cycloalkyl), e.g., —CH₂—(C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl), —CH₂—(C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl), —CH₂—(C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl), or —CH₂—(C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl). In some embodiments, R^(4a) is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, such as C₁-C₁₆ alkyl, C₃-C₂₀ alkyl, C₃-C₁₈ alkyl, C₃-C₁₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₄ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₀ alkyl, C₃-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkyl, or C₃-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), X¹ is

In some embodiments, X¹ is

and

R^(4a) is C₃-C₂₀ alkyl.

In some embodiments, X¹ is

and

R^(4a) is C₃-C₂₀ alkyl.

In some embodiments, X¹ is

In some embodiments, X¹ is

In some embodiments, X¹ is

In some embodiments, X¹ is

In some embodiments, X¹ is

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), X³ is

In some embodiments, X³ is

and

R^(4a) is C₃-C₂₀ alkyl.

In some embodiments, X³ is

and

R^(4a) is C₃-C₂₀ alkyl.

In some embodiments, X³ is

In some embodiments, X³ is

In some embodiments, X³ is

In some embodiments, X³ is

In some embodiments, X³ is

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), R^(2a) is substituted with 1 or 2 R^(2b). In some embodiments, R^(2a) is substituted with one R^(2b).

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), R^(2b) is —OH, halogen, —CN, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or C₁-C₆ alkylthio. In some embodiments, R^(2b) is a halogen, e.g., F or C₁.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), X¹ is OR³ or SR³; R³ is —L—R⁴; L is L¹; L¹ is C₁-C₆ alkylene; R⁴ is —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); and R^(4a) is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, X¹ is OR³ or SR³; R³ is —L—R⁴; L is L¹; L¹ is —CH₂—; R⁴ is —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); and R^(4a) is C₃-C₂₀ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), X³ is OR³ or SR³; R³ is —L—R⁴; L is L¹; L¹ is C₁-C₆ alkylene; R⁴ is —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); and R^(4a) is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, X³ is OR³ or SR³; R³ is —L—R⁴; L is L¹; L¹ is —CH₂—; R⁴ is —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); and R^(4a) is C₃-C₂₀ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), X¹ is OR³ or SR³; R³ is —L—R⁴; L is L¹; L¹ is C₇-C₁₃ alkylarylene; R⁴ is —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); and R^(4a) is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, X¹ is OR³ or SR³; R³ is —L—R⁴; L is L¹; L¹ is —CH₂—Ph—; R⁴ is —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); and R^(4a) is C₃-C₂₀ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), X³ is OR³ or SR³; R³ is —L—R⁴; L is L¹; L¹ is C₇-C₁₃ alkylarylene; R⁴ is —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); and R^(4a) is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, X³ is OR³ or SR³; R³ is L-R⁴; L is L¹; L¹ is —CH₂—Ph—; R⁴ is —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); and R^(4a) is C₃-C₂₀ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), R⁵ is H or Me. In some embodiments, R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), R^(1a) and R^(1b) are different. In some embodiments, at least one of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(1a) is H, OH, OMe, or F, and R^(1b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(1a) is H, OH or F, and R^(1b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(1a) is OH or F, and R^(1b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(1a) is OH, and R^(1b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(1a) is OMe, and R^(1b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(1a) is F, and R^(1b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(1a) is H, and R^(1b) is H, OH, OMe, or F. In some embodiments, R^(1a) is H, and R^(1b) is H, OH or F. In some embodiments, R^(1a) is H, and R^(1b) is OH or F. In some embodiments, R^(1a) is H, and R^(1b) is OH. In some embodiments, R^(1a) is H, and R^(1b) is OMe. In some embodiments, R^(1a) is H, and R^(1b) is F. In some embodiments, R^(1a) is F, and R^(1b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(1a) and R^(1b) are each H.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), R^(2a) and R^(2b) are different. In some embodiments, at least one of R^(2a) and R^(2b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(2a) is H, OH, NH₂, or F, and R^(2b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(2a) is H, OH or F, and R^(2b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(2a) is OH or F, and R^(2b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(2a) is OH, and R^(2b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(2a) is NH₂, and R^(2b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(2a) is F, and R^(2b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(2a) and R^(2b) are each H.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(2a), and R^(2b) are each independently H, OH, OMe, or F. In some embodiments, R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(2a), and R^(2b) are each independently H, OH, or F. In some embodiments, at least one of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is H, and at least one of R^(2a) and R^(2b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(2a) is OH, R^(2b) is H, R^(1a) is F, and R^(1b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(2a) is OH, R^(2b) is H, R^(1a) is OH, and R^(1b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(2a) is OH, R^(2b) is H, R^(1a) is H, and R^(1b) is OH. In some embodiments, R^(2a) is OH, R^(2b) is H, R^(1a) is H, and R^(1b) is F. In some embodiments, R^(2a) is OH, R^(2b) is H, R^(1a) is OMe, and R^(1b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(2a) and R^(2b) are each H, R^(1a) is OH, and R^(1b) is H. In some embodiments, R^(1a) and R^(2a) are each F, and R^(1b) and R^(2b) are each H.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), R^(1b) and R^(2b) are each H.

In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV) has the structure:

or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV) has the structure:

or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), has the structure as depicted or is a tautomer, enantiomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

A compound of the disclosure, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV), can be shown in a number of equivalent depictions. For example, a compound of Formula (II) is typically depicted herein as shown above with the 3′-substitution of each nucleoside facing each other:

The above compound of Formula (II) is equivalent to a compound of Formula (II) as depicted below:

Further, each of the previous depictions are equivalent to the below depiction of a compound of Formula (II):

Each of the previous depictions are equivalent to the below depiction of a compound of Formula (II):

IV. Compositions

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the present disclosure (e.g. a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more additional therapeutic agent, as more fully set forth below.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds disclosed herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may be prepared with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which may be selected in accord with ordinary practice. Tablets may contain excipients including glidants, fillers, binders and the like. Aqueous compositions may be prepared in sterile form, and when intended for delivery by other than oral administration generally may be isotonic. All compositions may optionally contain excipients such as those set forth in the Rowe et al, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6^(th) edition, American Pharmacists Association, 2009. Excipients can include ascorbic acid and other antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA, carbohydrates such as dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose, stearic acid and the like. In certain embodiments, the composition is provided as a solid dosage form, including a solid oral dosage form.

The compositions include those suitable for various administration routes, including oral administration. The compositions may be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient (e.g., a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutical salt thereof) with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The compositions may be prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid excipients or finely divided solid excipients or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product. Techniques and formulations generally are found in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21^(st) Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa., 2006.

Compositions described herein that are suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units (a unit dosage form) including but not limited to capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is a tablet.

Pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein comprise one or more compounds disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and optionally other therapeutic agents. Pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingredient may be in any form suitable for the intended method of administration. When used for oral use for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs may be prepared. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more excipients including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation. Tablets containing the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for manufacture of tablets are acceptable. These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, povidone, calcium or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.

The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the inactive ingredients to produce a dosage form may vary depending upon the intended treatment subject and the particular mode of administration. For example, in some embodiments, a dosage form for oral administration to humans may contain approximately 1 to 1000 mg of active material formulated with an appropriate and convenient amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient varies from about 5 to about 95% of the total compositions (weight:weight).

In certain embodiments, a composition comprising a compound of the present disclosure (e.g. a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), and/or (IV)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in one variation does not contain an agent that affects the rate at which the active ingredient is metabolized. Thus, it is understood that compositions comprising a compound of the present disclosure in one aspect do not comprise an agent that would affect (e.g., slow, hinder or retard) the metabolism of a compound of the present disclosure or any other active ingredient administered separately, sequentially or simultaneously with a compound of the present disclosure. It is also understood that any of the methods, kits, articles of manufacture and the like detailed herein in one aspect do not comprise an agent that would affect (e.g., slow, hinder or retard) the metabolism of a compound of the present disclosure or any other active ingredient administered separately, sequentially or simultaneously with a compound of the present disclosure.

The disclosure further includes a pharmaceutical composition as described above for use in modulating STING adaptor protein activity, to induce STING-dependent production of type I interferons, cytokines or chemokines.

The disclosure further includes a pharmaceutical composition as described above for use in treating or preventing an infectious disease, such as a viral infection, e.g., infection caused by hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus, cancer, or an inflammatory disease, e.g., allergy, rhinitis, or asthma.

The disclosure further includes a compound of the present disclosure for administration as a single active ingredient of a pharmaceutically acceptable composition which can be prepared by conventional methods known in the art, for example by binding the active ingredient to a pharmaceutically acceptable, therapeutically inert organic and/or inorganic carrier or excipient, or by mixing therewith.

Another possibility is the use of a compound of the present disclosure as a second or other active ingredient having a synergistic effect with other active ingredients in known drugs, or administration of the compound of the present disclosure together with such drugs.

The compound of the present disclosure may also be used in the form of a prodrug or other suitably modified form which releases the active ingredient in vivo.

V. Methods

In some embodiments, a method of treating a disease or disorder comprises administering to a human or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, a method of modulating, e.g., increasing, the activity of STING adaptor protein comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof. Modulation, e.g., activation, of the STING adaptor protein can occur in a cell, for example, by contacting the cell with an effective amount of the compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Contacting the cell can occur in vitro or in vivo. Modulation of the activity of the STING adaptor protein can be determined by measuring any one of a number of downstream biochemical signals affected by the protein.

The Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) adaptor protein, also known as STING, STING protein, transmembrane protein 173 (TMEM173), MPYS, mediator of IRF3 activation (MITA), or endoplasmic reticulum interferon stimulator (ERIS), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM173 gene (UniProt code Q86WV6; NCBI Reference Sequences: NP_938023.1 (isoform 1) and NP_001288667 (isoform 2)). STING adaptor protein is believed to function as both a direct cytosolic DNA sensor (CDS) and an adaptor protein in Type I interferon signaling through different molecular mechanisms. STING adaptor protein has been shown to activate downstream transcription factors STAT6 and IRF3 through TBK1, and NF-κB through IKKβ, which can effect an antiviral response or innate immune response against an intracellular pathogen. STING adaptor protein plays a role in innate immunity by inducing type I interferon production when cells are infected with intracellular pathogens, such as viruses, mycobacteria and intracellular parasites. Type I interferon, mediated by STING adaptor protein, protects infected cells and nearby cells from local infection by autocrine and paracrine signaling.

Activation of STING adaptor protein in turn activates protein kinase TBK1, which subsequently activates downstream transcription factors NF-κB and IRF-3. Activation of STING adaptor protein ultimately is believed to result in the release of type I and III interferons as well as a variety of cytokines and chemokines such as IL-6, TNF-α and INF-γ. Accordingly, induction of a STING adaptor protein-dependent type I interferon, cytokine or chemokine in a human or animal results in the activation of one or more of NF-κB, IRF-3, a type I interferon, a type III interferon, IL-6, TNF-α, and INF-γ in said human or animal.

Further provided is a method of preventing or treating a disease or condition responsive to the modulation, e.g., activation, of STING adaptor protein, comprising administering to a human or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Further provided is a method of inducing a STING adaptor protein-dependent type I interferon, cytokine or chemokine in a human or animal, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Further provided is a method of treating or preventing an infectious disease, e.g., a viral infection, comprising administering to a human or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Infectious disease encompasses diseases arising from the presence of a foreign microorganism in the body. It includes viral infections, bacterial infections (such as those caused by gram positive and gram negative bacteria), fungal infections, and those caused by other microorganisms, such as protozoa. In some embodiments, the infectious disease is a viral infection.

Viral infections that can be treated or prevented by the methods of the present disclosure can be any infection caused by a virus, e.g., a virus from the any of the following virus families: Adenoviridae, such as adenoviruses; Calciviridae; Filoviridae, such as ebola; Flaviviridae, e.g., dengue fever, West Nile virus, Zika virus, encephalitis, hepatitis C, and yellow fever; Hepadnaviridae, e.g., hepatitis B; Herpesviridae, e.g., herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes virus; Parvoviridae (parvoviruses); Paramyxoviridae, e.g., parainfluenza, mumps, and measles; Papovaviridae (papilloma viruses, polyoma viruses); Picornaviridae, e.g., polio, hepatitis A virus; enteroviruses, human Coxsackie viruses, rhinoviruses, and echoviruses; Poxviridae, e.g., variola viruses, vaccinia viruses, and pox viruses; Retroviridae, e.g., human immunodeficiency viruses, such as HIV-1; Rhabdoviradae, e.g., rabies; and Togaviridae, e.g., equine encephalitis viruses, and rubella viruses. In some embodiments, the viral infection is a hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection.

Further described herein is a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory disease, comprising administering to a human or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Inflammatory diseases include but are not limited to allergy, rhinitis, and asthma.

Further described herein is a method of treating or preventing cancer, comprising administering to a human or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Cancers that can be treated or prevented by the methods of the disclosure include solid tumors, leukemias, and lymphomas, including but not limited to adrenal cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, eye cancer, gastric cancer, head-and-neck cancer, kidney cancer such as renal cell carcinoma, liver cancer, lung cancer such as non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer such as squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, thyroid cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, leukemia such as myeloid leukemia and lymphoblastic leukemia, and myeloma such as multiple myeloma. The cancer can be naïve, or relapsed and/or refractory.

Further described herein is a method of enhancing the efficacy of a vaccine, comprising administering to a human or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The disclosure includes a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament in a human or animal.

The disclosure further includes a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in modulating, e.g., increasing, the activity of STING adaptor protein.

The disclosure further includes a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the prevention or treatment of a disease or condition in a human or animal responsive to the modulation, e.g., activation, of the STING adaptor protein.

The disclosure further includes a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof alone or in combination with one or more therapeutically active substances, for use in STING dependent induction of a type I interferon, cytokine or chemokine in a human or animal.

The disclosure further includes a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof alone or in combination with one or more therapeutically active agents for use in the treatment or prevention of an infectious disease in a human or animal.

The disclosure further includes a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof alone or in combination with one or more therapeutically active substances, for use in the treatment or prevention of an infectious disease, e.g., a viral infection, e.g., infection caused by hepatitis B virus or HIV, in a human or animal.

The disclosure further includes a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof alone or in combination with one or more therapeutically active agents, for use in the treatment or prevention of a cancer in a human or animal.

The disclosure further includes a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in enhancing vaccine efficacy in a human or animal.

The disclosure further includes a pharmaceutical composition for use in modulating STING adaptor protein activity, to induce STING-dependent production of a type I interferon, cytokine or chemokine in a human or animal.

The disclosure further includes a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating or preventing viral infection, cancer, or an inflammatory disease in a human or animal.

The disclosure further includes the use of a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the production of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of viral infection, cancer, or an inflammatory disease.

VI. Administration

The compounds of the present disclosure (also referred to herein as the active ingredients), can be administered by any route appropriate to the condition to be treated. Suitable routes include oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), transdermal, vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intratumoral, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural), and the like. It will be appreciated that the preferred route may vary with for example the condition of the recipient. An advantage of certain compounds disclosed herein is that they are orally bioavailable and can be dosed orally.

A compound of the present disclosure may be administered to an individual in accordance with an effective dosing regimen for a desired period of time or duration, such as at least about one month, at least about 2 months, at least about 3 months, at least about 6 months, or at least about 12 months or longer. In one variation, the compound is administered on a daily or intermittent schedule for the duration of the individual's life.

The dosage or dosing frequency of a compound of the present disclosure may be adjusted over the course of the treatment, based on the judgment of the administering physician.

The compound may be administered to an individual (e.g., a human) in an effective amount. In certain embodiments, the compound is administered once daily.

The compound can be administered by any useful route and means, such as by oral or parenteral (e.g., intravenous) administration. Therapeutically effective amounts of the compound may include from about 0.00001 mg/kg body weight per day to about 10 mg/kg body weight per day, such as from about 0.0001 mg/kg body weight per day to about 10 mg/kg body weight per day, or such as from about 0.001 mg/kg body weight per day to about 1 mg/kg body weight per day, or such as from about 0.01 mg/kg body weight per day to about 1 mg/kg body weight per day, or such as from about 0.05 mg/kg body weight per day to about 0.5 mg/kg body weight per day, or such as from about 0.3 mg to about 30 mg per day, or such as from about 30 mg to about 300 mg per day.

A compound of the present disclosure may be combined with one or more additional therapeutic agents in any dosage amount of the compound of the present disclosure (e.g., from 1 mg to 1000 mg of compound). Therapeutically effective amounts may include from about 1 mg per dose to about 1000 mg per dose, such as from about 50 mg per dose to about 500 mg per dose, or such as from about 100 mg per dose to about 400 mg per dose, or such as from about 150 mg per dose to about 350 mg per dose, or such as from about 200 mg per dose to about 300 mg per dose. Other therapeutically effective amounts of the compound of the present disclosure are about 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, or about 500 mg per dose. Other therapeutically effective amounts of the compound of the present disclosure are about 100 mg per dose, or about 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 350, 400, 450, or about 500 mg per dose. A single dose can be administered hourly, daily, or weekly. For example, a single dose can be administered once every 1 hour, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 or once every 24 hours. A single dose can also be administered once every 1 day, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or once every 7 days. A single dose can also be administered once every 1 week, 2, 3, or once every 4 weeks. In certain embodiments, a single dose can be administered once every week. A single dose can also be administered once every month.

The frequency of dosage of the compound of the present disclosure are will be determined by the needs of the individual patient and can be, for example, once per day or twice, or more times, per day. Administration of the compound continues for as long as necessary to treat or to prevent the disease. For example, a compound can be administered to a human being infected with a virus, e.g., hepatitis B virus, for a period of from 20 days to 180 days or, for example, for a period of from 20 days to 90 days or, for example, for a period of from 30 days to 60 days.

Administration can be intermittent, with a period of several or more days during which a patient receives a daily dose of the compound of the present disclosure followed by a period of several or more days during which a patient does not receive a daily dose of the compound. For example, a patient can receive a dose of the compound every other day, or three times per week. Again by way of example, a patient can receive a dose of the compound each day for a period of from 1 to 14 days, followed by a period of 7 to 21 days during which the patient does not receive a dose of the compound, followed by a subsequent period (e.g., from 1 to 14 days) during which the patient again receives a daily dose of the compound. Alternating periods of administration of the compound, followed by non-administration of the compound, can be repeated as clinically required to treat the patient.

In one embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient are provided.

In one embodiment, kits comprising a compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents are provided.

In certain embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with one, two, three, four or more additional therapeutic agents. In certain embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with two additional therapeutic agents. In other embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with three additional therapeutic agents. In further embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with four additional therapeutic agents. The one, two, three, four or more additional therapeutic agents can be different therapeutic agents selected from the same class of therapeutic agents, and/or they can be selected from different classes of therapeutic agents.

In certain embodiments, when a compound of the present disclosure is combined with one or more additional therapeutic agents as described herein, the components of the composition are administered as a simultaneous or sequential regimen. When administered sequentially, the combination may be administered in two or more administrations.

In certain embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure is combined with one or more additional therapeutic agents in a unitary dosage form for simultaneous administration to a patient, for example as a solid dosage form for oral administration.

In certain embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure is co-administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents.

VII. Combination Therapy

In certain embodiments, a method for treating or preventing an infectious disease, cancer, or an inflammatory disease in a human having or at risk of having the disease is provided, comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents. In one embodiment, a method for treating an infectious disease, cancer, or an inflammatory disease in a human having or at risk of having the disease is provided, comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a viral infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents which are suitable for treating the viral infection. In some embodiments, the viral infection is a hepatitis B infection. In some embodiments, the viral infection is a HIV infection.

In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with one, two, three, four, or more additional therapeutic agents. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with two additional therapeutic agents. In other embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with three additional therapeutic agents. In further embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with four additional therapeutic agents. The one, two, three, four, or more additional therapeutic agents can be different therapeutic agents selected from the same class of therapeutic agents, and/or they can be selected from different classes of therapeutic agents.

Administration of Combination Therapy

In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents. Co-administration of a compound disclosed herein with one or more additional therapeutic agents generally refers to simultaneous or sequential administration of a compound disclosed herein and one or more additional therapeutic agents, such that therapeutically effective amounts of the compound disclosed herein and the one or more additional therapeutic agents are both present in the body of the subject. When administered sequentially, the combination may be administered in two or more administrations.

Co-administration of a compound disclosed herein with one or more additional therapeutic agents generally refers to simultaneous or sequential administration of a compound disclosed herein and one or more additional therapeutic agents, such that therapeutically effective amounts of each agent are present in the body of the patient.

In certain embodiments, a compound as disclosed herein (e.g., any compound of Formula I) may be combined with one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents in any dosage amount of the compound of Formula I (e.g., from 10 mg to 1000 mg of compound).

Co-administration includes administration of unit dosages of the compounds disclosed herein before or after administration of unit dosages of one or more additional therapeutic agents. The compound disclosed herein may be administered within seconds, minutes, or hours of the administration of one or more additional therapeutic agents. For example, in some embodiments, a unit dose of a compound disclosed herein is administered first, followed within seconds or minutes by administration of a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents. Alternatively, in other embodiments, a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered first, followed by administration of a unit dose of a compound disclosed herein within seconds or minutes. In some embodiments, a unit dose of a compound disclosed herein is administered first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents. In other embodiments, a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of a compound disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure is combined with one or more additional therapeutic agents in a unitary dosage form for simultaneous administration to a subject, for example as a solid dosage form for oral administration.

In certain embodiments a compound of the present disclosure is formulated as a tablet, which may optionally contain one or more other compounds useful for treating the disease being treated. In certain embodiments, the tablet can contain another active ingredient for treating a viral disease, e.g., hepatitis B virus or HIV.

In certain embodiments, such tablets are suitable for once daily dosing.

In one embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more (e.g., one, two, three, one or two, or one to three) additional therapeutic agents, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient are provided.

In one embodiment, kits comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, or one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents are provided.

Viral Combination Therapy

The compounds described herein may be used or combined with one or more of a antiviral agents including abacavir, aciclovir, adefovir, amantadine, amprenavir, arbidol, atazanavir, artipla, brivudine, cidofovir, combivir, edoxudine, efavirenz, emtricitabine, enfuvirtide, entecavir, fomvirsen, fosamprenavir, foscarnet, fosfonet, ganciclovir, gardasil, ibacitabine, immunovir, idoxuridine, imiquimod, indinavir, inosine, integrase inhibitors, interferons, including interferon type III, interferon type II, interferon type I, lamivudine, lopinavir, loviride, MK-0518, maraviroc, moroxydine, nelfinavir, nevirapine, nexavir, nucleoside analogues, oseltamivir, penciclovir, peramivir, pleconaril, podophyllotoxin, protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, ribavirin, rimantadine, ritonavir, saquinavir, stavudine, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tipranavir, trifluridine, trizivir, tromantadine, truvada, valganciclovir, vicriviroc, vidarabine, viramidine, zalcitabine, zanamivir, zidovudine, and combinations thereof

In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 5-30 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 5-10; 5-15; 5-20; 5-25; 25-30; 20-30; 15-30; or 10-30 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 10 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 25 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide. A compound as disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formula I) may be combined with the agents provided herein in any dosage amount of the compound (e.g., from 50 mg to 500 mg of compound) the same as if each combination of dosages were specifically and individually listed.

In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 100-400 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 100-150; 100-200, 100-250; 100-300; 100-350; 150-200; 150-250; 150-300; 150-350; 150-400; 200-250; 200-300; 200-350; 200-400; 250-350; 250-400; 350-400 or 300-400 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 250 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 150 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil. A compound as disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formula I) may be combined with the agents provided herein in any dosage amount of the compound (e.g., from 50 mg to 500 mg of compound) the same as if each combination of dosages were specifically and individually listed.

HIV Combination Therapy

In certain embodiments, a method for treating or preventing an HIV infection in a human or animal having or at risk of having the infection is provided, comprising administering to the human or animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, one or two, or one to three) additional therapeutic agents. In one embodiment, a method for treating an HIV infection in a human or animal having or at risk of having the infection is provided, comprising administering to the human or animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, one or two, or one to three) additional therapeutic agents.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating an HIV infection, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more additional therapeutic agents which are suitable for treating an HIV infection.

In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein are formulated as a tablet, which may optionally contain one or more other compounds useful for treating HIV. In certain embodiments, the tablet can contain another active ingredient for treating HIV, such as HIV protease inhibitors, HIV non-nucleoside or non-nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleoside or nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV integrase inhibitors, HIV non-catalytic site (or allosteric) integrase inhibitors, pharmacokinetic enhancers, and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, such tablets are suitable for once daily dosing.

In the above embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent may be an anti-HIV agent. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of HIV combination drugs, HIV protease inhibitors, HIV non-nucleoside or non-nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV nucleoside or nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, HIV integrase inhibitors, HIV non-catalytic site (or allosteric) integrase inhibitors, HIV entry inhibitors, HIV maturation inhibitors, immunomodulators, immunotherapeutic agents, antibody-drug conjugates, gene modifiers, gene editors (such as CRISPR/Cas9, zinc finger nucleases, homing nucleases, synthetic nucleases, TALENs), cell therapies (such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell, CAR-T, and engineered T cell receptors, TCR-T), latency reversing agents, compounds that target the HIV capsid (including capsid inhibitors), immune-based therapies, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, alpha-4/beta-7 antagonists, HIV antibodies, bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins, HIV p17 matrix protein inhibitors, IL-13 antagonists, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A modulators, protein disulfide isomerase inhibitors, complement C5a receptor antagonists, DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, HIV vif gene modulators, Vif dimerization antagonists, HIV-1 viral infectivity factor inhibitors, TAT protein inhibitors, HIV-1 Nef modulators, Hck tyrosine kinase modulators, mixed lineage kinase-3 (MLK-3) inhibitors, HIV-1 splicing inhibitors, Rev protein inhibitors, integrin antagonists, nucleoprotein inhibitors, splicing factor modulators, COMM domain containing protein 1 modulators, HIV ribonuclease H inhibitors, retrocyclin modulators, CDK-9 inhibitors, dendritic ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin 1 inhibitors, HIV GAG protein inhibitors, HIV POL protein inhibitors, Complement Factor H modulators, ubiquitin ligase inhibitors, deoxycytidine kinase inhibitors, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors, proprotein convertase PC9 stimulators, ATP dependent RNA helicase DDX3X inhibitors, reverse transcriptase priming complex inhibitors, G6PD and NADH-oxidase inhibitors, pharmacokinetic enhancers, HIV gene therapy, HIV vaccines, and other HIV therapeutic agents, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of combination drugs for HIV, other drugs for treating HIV, HIV protease inhibitors, HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV integrase inhibitors, HIV non-catalytic site (or allosteric) integrase inhibitors, HIV entry (fusion) inhibitors, HIV maturation inhibitors, latency reversing agents, capsid inhibitors, immune-based therapies, PI3K inhibitors, HIV antibodies, and bispecific antibodies, and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins, and combinations thereof.

HIV Combination Drugs

Examples of combination drugs include ATRIPLA® (efavirenz, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and emtricitabine); COMPLERA® (EVIPLERA®; rilpivirine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and emtricitabine); STRIBILD® (elvitegravir, cobicistat, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and emtricitabine); TRUVADA® (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine; TDF+FTC); DESCOVY® (tenofovir alafenamide and emtricitabine); ODEFSEY® (tenofovir alafenamide, emtricitabine, and rilpivirine); GENVOYA® (tenofovir alafenamide, emtricitabine, cobicistat, and elvitegravir); BIKTARVY® (bictegravir, emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide); darunavir, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, emtricitabine, and cobicistat; efavirenz, lamivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; tenofovir and lamivudine; tenofovir alafenamide and emtricitabine; tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate and emtricitabine; tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, emtricitabine, and rilpivirine; tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, emtricitabine, cobicistat, and elvitegravir; COMBIVIR® (zidovudine and lamivudine; AZT+3TC); EPZICOM® (LIVEXA®; abacavir sulfate and lamivudine; ABC+3TC); KALETRA® (ALUVIA®; lopinavir and ritonavir); TRIUMEQ® (dolutegravir, abacavir, and lamivudine); TRIZIVIR® (abacavir sulfate, zidovudine, and lamivudine; ABC+AZT+3TC); atazanavir and cobicistat; atazanavir sulfate and cobicistat; atazanavir sulfate and ritonavir; darunavir and cobicistat; dolutegravir and rilpivirine; dolutegravir and rilpivirine hydrochloride; dolutegravir, abacavir sulfate, and lamivudine; lamivudine, nevirapine, and zidovudine; raltegravir and lamivudine; doravirine, lamivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; doravirine, lamivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil; dolutegravir+lamivudine, lamivudine+abacavir+zidovudine, lamivudine+abacavir, lamivudine+tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine+zidovudine+nevirapine, lopinavir+ritonavir, lopinavir+ritonavir+abacavir+lamivudine, lopinavir+ritonavir+zidovudine+lamivudine, tenofovir+lamivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate+emtricitabine+rilpivirine hydrochloride, lopinavir, ritonavir, zidovudine and lamivudine; Vacc-4x and romidepsin; and APH-0812.

HIV Protease Inhibitors

Examples of HIV protease inhibitors include amprenavir, atazanavir, brecanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, fosamprenavir calcium, indinavir, indinavir sulfate, lopinavir, nelfinavir, nelfinavir mesylate, ritonavir, saquinavir, saquinavir mesylate, tipranavir, DG-17, TMB-657 (PPL-100), T-169, BL-008, and TMC-310911.

HIV Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Examples of HIV non-nucleoside or non-nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase include dapivirine, delavirdine, delavirdine mesylate, doravirine, efavirenz, etravirine, lentinan, nevirapine, rilpivirine, ACC-007, AIC-292, KM-023, PC-1005, and VM-1500.

Examples of HIV nucleoside or nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase include adefovir, adefovir dipivoxil, azvudine, emtricitabine, tenofovir, tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, VIDEX® and VIDEX EC® (didanosine, ddl), abacavir, abacavir sulfate, alovudine, apricitabine, censavudine, didanosine, elvucitabine, festinavir, fosalvudine tidoxil, CMX-157, dapivirine, doravirine, etravirine, OCR-5753, tenofovir disoproxil orotate, fozivudine tidoxil, lamivudine, phosphazid, stavudine, zalcitabine, zidovudine, GS-9131, GS-9148, MK-8504 and KP-1461.

HIV Integrase Inhibitors

Examples of HIV integrase inhibitors include elvitegravir, curcumin, derivatives of curcumin, chicoric acid, derivatives of chicoric acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, derivatives of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, aurintricarboxylic acid, derivatives of aurintricarboxylic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, derivatives of caffeic acid phenethyl ester, tyrphostin, derivatives of tyrphostin, quercetin, derivatives of quercetin, raltegravir, dolutegravir, JTK-351, bictegravir, AVX-15567, cabotegravir (long-acting injectable), diketo quinolin-4-1 derivatives, integrase-LEDGF inhibitor, ledgins, M-522, M-532, NSC-310217, NSC-371056, NSC-48240, NSC-642710, NSC-699171, NSC-699172, NSC-699173, NSC-699174, stilbenedisulfonic acid, T-169 and cabotegravir.

Examples of HIV non-catalytic site, or allosteric, integrase inhibitors (NCINI) include CX-05045, CX-05168, and CX-14442.

HIV Entry Inhibitors

Examples of HIV entry (fusion) inhibitors include cenicriviroc, CCR5 inhibitors, gp41 inhibitors, CD4 attachment inhibitors, gp120 inhibitors, and CXCR4 inhibitors.

Examples of CCR5 inhibitors include aplaviroc, vicriviroc, maraviroc, cenicriviroc, PRO-140, adaptavir (RAP-101), nifeviroc (TD-0232), anti-GP120/CD4 or CCR5 bispecific antibodies, B-07, MB-66, polypeptide C25P, TD-0680, and vMIP (Haimipu).

Examples of gp41 inhibitors include albuvirtide, enfuvirtide, BMS-986197, enfuvirtide biobetter, enfuvirtide biosimilar, HIV-1 fusion inhibitors (P26-Bapc), ITV-1, ITV-2, ITV-3, ITV-4, PIE-12 trimer and sifuvirtide.

Examples of CD4 attachment inhibitors include ibalizumab and CADA analogs

Examples of gp120 inhibitors include Radha-108 (receptol) 3B3-PE38, BanLec, bentonite-based nanomedicine, fostemsavir tromethamine, IQP-0831, and BMS-663068.

Examples of CXCR4 inhibitors include plerixafor, ALT-1188, N15 peptide, and vMIP (Haimipu).

HIV Maturation Inhibitors

Examples of HIV maturation inhibitors include BMS-955176 and GS K-2838232.

Latency Reversing Agents

Examples of latency reversing agents include histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors such as velcade, protein kinase C (PKC) activators, Smyd2 inhibitors, BET-bromodomain 4 (BRD4) inhibitors, ionomycin, PMA, SAHA (suberanilohydroxamic acid, or suberoyl, anilide, and hydroxamic acid), AM-0015, ALT-803, NIZ-985, NKTR-255, IL-15 modulating antibodies, JQ1, disulfiram, amphotericin B, and ubiquitin inhibitors such as largazole analogs, and GSK-343.

Examples of HDAC inhibitors include romidepsin, vorinostat, and panobinostat.

Examples of PKC activators include indolactam, prostratin, ingenol B, and DAG-lactones.

Capsid Inhibitors

Examples of capsid inhibitors include capsid polymerization inhibitors or capsid disrupting compounds, HIV nucleocapsid p7 (NCp7) inhibitors such as azodicarbonamide, HIV p24 capsid protein inhibitors, AVI-621, AVI-101, AVI-201, AVI-301, and AVI-CAN1-15 series;

Immune-Based Therapies

Examples of immune-based therapies include toll-like receptors modulators such as TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13; programmed cell death protein 1 (Pd-1) modulators; programmed death-ligand 1 (Pd-L1) modulators; IL-15 modulators; DermaVir; interleukin-7; plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine); proleukin (aldesleukin, IL-2); interferon alfa; interferon alfa-2b; interferon alfa-n3; pegylated interferon alfa; interferon gamma; hydroxyurea; mycophenolate mofetil (MPA) and its ester derivative mycophenolate mofetil (MMF); ribavirin; rintatolimod, polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI); gepon; rintatolimod; IL-12; WF-10; VGV-1; MOR-22; BMS-936559; CYT-107, interleukin-15/Fc fusion protein, normferon, peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, recombinant interleukin-15, RPI-MN, GS-9620, STING modulators, RIG-I modulators, NOD2 modulators, and IR-103.

Examples of TLR8 modulators include motolimod, resiquimod, 3M-051, 3M-052, MCT-465, IMO-4200, VTX-763, VTX-1463 and those disclosed in US20140045849 (Janssen), US20140073642 (Janssen), WO2014/056953 (Janssen), WO2014/076221 (Janssen), WO2014/128189 (Janssen), US20140350031 (Janssen), WO2014/023813 (Janssen), US20080234251 (Array Biopharma), US20080306050 (Array Biopharma), US20100029585 (Ventirx Pharma), US20110092485 (Ventirx Pharma), US20110118235 (Ventirx Pharma), US20120082658 (Ventirx Pharma), US20120219615 (Ventirx Pharma), US20140066432 (Ventirx Pharma), US20140088085 (VentirxPharma), US20140275167 (Novira therapeutics), US20130251673 (Novira therapeutics), U.S. Pat. No. 9,670,205 (Gilead Sciences Inc.), US20160289229 (Gilead Sciences Inc.), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/692,161 (Gilead Sciences Inc.), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/692,093 (Gilead Sciences Inc.)

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) Inhibitors

Examples of PI3K inhibitors include idelalisib, alpelisib, buparlisib, CAI orotate, copanlisib, duvelisib, gedatolisib, neratinib, panulisib, perifosine, pictilisib, pilaralisib, puquitinib mesylate, rigosertib, rigosertib sodium, sonolisib, taselisib, AMG-319, AZD-8186, BAY-1082439, CLR-1401, CLR-457, CUDC-907, DS-7423, EN-3342, GSK-2126458, GSK-2269577, GSK-2636771, NCB-040093, LY-3023414, MLN-1117, PQR-309, RG-7666, RP-6530, RV-1729, SAR-245409, SAR-260301, SF-1126, TGR-1202, UCB-5857, VS-5584,

XL-765, and ZSTK-474.

alpha-4/beta-7 Antagonists

Examples of Integrin alpha-4/beta-7 antagonists include PTG-100, TRK-170, abrilumab, etrolizumab, carotegrast methyl, and vedolizumab.

HIV Antibodies, Bispecific Antibodies, and “Antibody-Like” Therapeutic Proteins

Examples of HIV antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins include DARTs®, DUOBODIES®, BITES®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives, bnABs (broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies), BMS-936559, TMB-360, and those targeting HIV gp120 or gp41, antibody-Recruiting Molecules targeting HIV, anti-CD63 monoclonal antibodies, anti-GB virus C antibodies, anti-GP120/CD4, CCR5 bispecific antibodies, anti-nef single domain antibodies, anti-Rev antibody, camelid derived anti-CD18 antibodies, camelid-derived anti-ICAM-1 antibodies, DCVax-001, gp140 targeted antibodies, gp41-based HIV therapeutic antibodies, human recombinant mAbs (PGT-121), ibalizumab, Immuglo, and MB-66.

Examples of those targeting HIV in such a manner include bavituximab, UB-421, C2F5, 2G12, C4E10, C2F5+C2G12+C4E10, 8ANC195, 3BNC117, 3BNC60, 10-1074, PGT145, PGT121, PGT-151, PGT-133, MDX010 (ipilimumab), DH511, N6, VRC01 PGDM1400, A32, 7B2, 10E8, 10E8v4, CAP256-VRC26.25, DRVIA7, VRC-07-523, VRC-HIVMAB080-00-AB, VRC-HIVMAB060-00-AB, MGD-014 and VRC07. Example of HIV bispecific antibodies include MGD014.

Pharmacokinetic Enhancers

Examples of pharmacokinetic enhancers include cobicistat and ritonavir.

HIV Vaccines

Examples of HIV vaccines include peptide vaccines, recombinant subunit protein vaccines, live vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, CD4-derived peptide vaccines, vaccine combinations, rgp120 (AIDSVAX), ALVAC HIV (vCP1521)/AIDSVAX B/E (gp120) (RV144), monomeric gp120 HIV-1 subtype C vaccine, Remune, ITV-1, Contre Vir, Ad5-ENVA-48, DCVax-001 (CDX-2401), Vacc-4x, Vacc-05, VAC-3S, multiclade DNA recombinant adenovirus-5 (rAd5), Pennvax-G, Pennvax-GP, HIV-TriMix-mRNA vaccine, HIV-LAMP-vax, Ad35, Ad35-GRIN, NAcGM3/VSSP ISA-51, poly-ICLC adjuvanted vaccines, TatImmune, GTU-multiHlV (FIT-06), gp140[delta]V2.TV1+MF-59, rVSVIN HIV-1 gag vaccine, SeV-Gag vaccine, AT-20, DNK-4, ad35-Grin/ENV, TBC-M4, HIVAX, HIVAX-2, NYVAC—HIV-PT1, NYVAC—HIV-PT4, DNA-HIV-PT123, rAAV1-PG9DP, GOVX-B11, GOVX-B21, TVI-HIV-1, Ad-4 (Ad4-env Clade C+Ad4-mGag), EN41-UGR7C, EN41-FPA2, PreVaxTat, AE-H, MYM-V101, CombiHlVvac, ADVAX, MYM-V201, MVA-CMDR, DNA-Ad5 gag/pol/nef/nev (HVTN505), MVATG-17401, ETV-01, CDX-1401, rcAD26.MOS1.HIV-Env, Ad26.Mod.HIV vaccine, AGS-004, AVX-101, AVX-201, PEP-6409, SAV-001, ThV-01, TL-01, TUTI-16, VGX-3300, IHV-001, and virus-like particle vaccines such as pseudovirion vaccine, CombiVlCHvac, LFn-p24 B/C fusion vaccine, GTU-based DNA vaccine, HIV gag/pol/nef/env DNA vaccine, anti-TAT HIV vaccine, conjugate polypeptides vaccine, dendritic-cell vaccines, gag-based DNA vaccine, GI-2010, gp41 HIV-1 vaccine, HIV vaccine (PIKA adjuvant), I i-key/MHC class II epitope hybrid peptide vaccines, ITV-2, ITV-3, ITV-4, LIPO-5, multiclade Env vaccine, MVA vaccine, Pennvax-GP, pp71-deficient HCMV vector HIV gag vaccine, recombinant peptide vaccine (HIV infection), NCI, rgp160 HIV vaccine, RNActive HIV vaccine, SCB-703, Tat Oyi vaccine, TBC-M4, therapeutic HW vaccine, UBI HIV gp120, Vacc-4x+romidepsin, variant gp120 polypeptide vaccine, rAd5 gag-pol env A/B/C vaccine, DNA.HTI and MVA.HTI.

Additional HIV Therapeutic Agents

Examples of additional HIV therapeutic agents include the compounds disclosed in WO 2004/096286 (Gilead Sciences), WO 2006/015261 (Gilead Sciences), WO 2006/110157 (Gilead Sciences), WO 2012/003497 (Gilead Sciences), WO 2012/003498 (Gilead Sciences), WO 2012/145728 (Gilead Sciences), WO 2013/006738 (Gilead Sciences), WO 2013/159064 (Gilead Sciences), WO 2014/100323 (Gilead Sciences), US 2013/0165489 (University of Pennsylvania), US 2014/0221378 (Japan Tobacco), US 2014/0221380 (Japan Tobacco), WO 2009/062285 (Boehringer Ingelheim), WO 2010/130034 (Boehringer Ingelheim), WO 2013/006792 (Pharma Resources), US 20140221356 (Gilead Sciences), US 20100143301 (Gilead Sciences) and WO 2013/091096 (Boehringer Ingelheim).

Examples of other drugs for treating HIV include acemannan, alisporivir, BanLec, deferiprone, Gamimune, metenkefalin, naltrexone, Prolastin, REP 9, RPI-MN, VSSP, H1viral, SB-728-T, 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, rHIV7-shl-TAR-CCR5RZ, AAV-eCD4-Ig gene therapy, MazF gene therapy, BlockAide, ABX-464, AG-1105, APH-0812, BIT-225, CYT-107, HGTV-43, HPH-116, HS-10234, IMO-3100, IND-02, MK-1376, MK-8507, MK-8591, NOV-205, PA-1050040 (PA-040), PGN-007, SCY-635, SB-9200, SCB-719, TR-452, TEV-90110, TEV-90112, TEV-90111, TEV-90113, RN-18, Immuglo, and VIR-576.

Gene Therapy and Cell Therapy

Gene Therapy and Cell Therapy include the genetic modification to silence a gene; genetic approaches to directly kill the infected cells; the infusion of immune cells designed to replace most of the subject's own immune system to enhance the immune response to infected cells, or activate the subject's own immune system to kill infected cells, or find and kill the infected cells; genetic approaches to modify cellular activity to further alter endogenous immune responsiveness against the infection.

Examples of dendritic cell therapy include AGS-004.

Gene Editors

Examples of gene editing systems include a CRISPR/Cas9 system, a zinc finger nuclease system, a TALEN system, a homing endonucleases system, and a meganuclease system.

Examples of HIV targeting CRISPR/Cas9 systems include EBT101.

CAR-T cell therapy

CAR-T cell therapy includes a population of immune effector cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), wherein the CAR comprises an HIV antigen-binding domain. The HIV antigen include an HIV envelope protein or a portion thereof, gp120 or a portion thereof, a CD4 binding site on gp120, the CD4-induced binding site on gp120, N glycan on gp120, the V2 of gp120, the membrane proximal region on gp41. The immune effector cell is a T cell or an NK cell. In some embodiments, the T cell is a CD4+ T cell, a CD8+ T cell, or a combination thereof.

Examples of HIV CAR-T include VC-CAR-T.

TCR-T Cell Therapy

TCR-T cell therapy includes T cells engineered to target HIV derived peptides present on the surface of virus-infected cells.

It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that the additional therapeutic agents listed above may be included in more than one of the classes listed above. The particular classes are not intended to limit the functionality of those compounds listed in those classes.

In a specific embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with an HIV nucleoside or nucleotide inhibitor of reverse transcriptase and an HIV non-nucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase. In another specific embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with an HIV nucleoside or nucleotide inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, and an HIV protease inhibiting compound. In an additional embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with an HIV nucleoside or nucleotide inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, an HIV non-nucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, and a pharmacokinetic enhancer. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with at least one HIV nucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, an integrase inhibitor, and a pharmacokinetic enhancer. In another embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with two HIV nucleoside or nucleotide inhibitors of reverse transcriptase.

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with one, two, three, four or more additional therapeutic agents selected from ATRIPLA® (efavirenz, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and emtricitabine); COMPLERA® (EVIPLERA®; rilpivirine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and emtricitabine); STRIBILD® (elvitegravir, cobicistat, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and emtricitabine); TRUVADA® (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine; TDF+FTC); DESCOVY® (tenofovir alafenamide and emtricitabine); ODEFSEY® (tenofovir alafenamide, emtricitabine, and rilpivirine); GENVOYA® (tenofovir alafenamide, emtricitabine, cobicistat, and elvitegravir); BIKTARVY® (bictegravir, emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide); adefovir; adefovir dipivoxil; cobicistat; emtricitabine; tenofovir; tenofovir disoproxil; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; tenofovir alafenamide; tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate; TRIUMEQ® (dolutegravir, abacavir, and lamivudine); dolutegravir, abacavir sulfate, and lamivudine; raltegravir; raltegravir and lamivudine; maraviroc; enfuvirtide; ALUVIA® (KALETRA®; lopinavir and ritonavir); COMBIVIR® (zidovudine and lamivudine; AZT+3TC); EPZICOM® (LIVEXA®; abacavir sulfate and lamivudine; ABC+3TC); TRIZIVIR® (abacavir sulfate, zidovudine, and lamivudine; ABC+AZT+3TC); rilpivirine; rilpivirine hydrochloride; atazanavir sulfate and cobicistat; atazanavir and cobicistat; darunavir and cobicistat; atazanavir; atazanavir sulfate; dolutegravir; elvitegravir; ritonavir; atazanavir sulfate and ritonavir; darunavir; lamivudine; prolastin; fosamprenavir; fosamprenavir calcium efavirenz; etravirine; nelfinavir; nelfinavir mesylate; interferon; didanosine; stavudine; indinavir; indinavir sulfate; tenofovir and lamivudine; zidovudine; nevirapine; saquinavir; saquinavir mesylate; aldesleukin; zalcitabine; tipranavir; amprenavir; delavirdine; delavirdine mesylate; Radha-108 (receptol); lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; efavirenz, lamivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; phosphazid; lamivudine, nevirapine, and zidovudine; abacavir; and abacavir sulfate.

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with abacavir sulfate, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or bictegravir.

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or bictegravir.

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of abacavir sulfate, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, and bictegravir and a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of emtricitabine and lamivudine.

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, and bictegravir and a second additional therapeutic agent, wherein the second additional therapeutic agent is emtricitabine.

In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 5-30 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide, and 200 mg emtricitabine. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 5-10, 5-15, 5-20, 5-25, 25-30, 20-30, 15-30, or 10-30 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide, and 200 mg emtricitabine. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 10 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide, and 200 mg emtricitabine. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 25 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide, and 200 mg emtricitabine. A compound as disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formula I) may be combined with the agents provided herein in any dosage amount of the compound (e.g., from 1 mg to 500 mg of compound) the same as if each combination of dosages were specifically and individually listed.

In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 200-400 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil, and 200 mg emtricitabine. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 200-250, 200-300, 200-350, 250-350, 250-400, 350-400, 300-400, or 250-400 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil, and 200 mg emtricitabine. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil, and 200 mg emtricitabine. A compound as disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of formula I) may be combined with the agents provided herein in any dosage amount of the compound (e.g., from 1 mg to 500 mg of compound) the same as if each combination of dosages were specifically and individually listed.

HBV Combination Therapy

In certain embodiments, a method for treating or preventing an HBV infection in a human having or at risk of having the infection is provided, comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents. In one embodiment, a method for treating an HBV infection in a human having or at risk of having the infection is provided, comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating an HBV infection, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents which are suitable for treating an HBV infection.

The compounds described herein may be used or combined with one or more of a chemotherapeutic agent, an immunomodulator, an immunotherapeutic agent, a therapeutic antibody, a therapeutic vaccine, a bispecific antibody and “antibody-like” therapeutic protein (such as DARTs®, Duobodies®, Bites®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), gene modifiers or gene editors (such as CRISPR Cas9, zinc finger nucleases, homing endonucleases, synthetic nucleases, TALENs), cell therapies such as CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T-cell), and TCR-T (an engineered T cell receptor) agent or any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is formulated as a tablet, which may optionally contain one or more other compounds useful for treating HBV. In certain embodiments, the tablet can contain another active ingredient for treating HBV, such as 3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors, Apolipoprotein A1 modulator, arginase inhibitors, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator inhibitors, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, CCR2 chemokine antagonist, CD137 inhibitors, CD160 inhibitors, CD305 inhibitors, CD4 agonist and modulator, compounds targeting HBcAg, compounds targeting hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), core protein allosteric modulators, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) inhibitors, cyclophilin inhibitors, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (ipi4) inhibitors, DNA polymerase inhibitor, Endonuclease modulator, epigenetic modifiers, Farnesoid X receptor agonist, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV DNA polymerase inhibitors, HBV replication inhibitors, HBV RNAse inhibitors, HBV viral entry inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, Hepatitis B large envelope protein modulator, Hepatitis B large envelope protein stimulator, Hepatitis B structural protein modulator, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) inhibitors, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion or assembly inhibitors, hepatitis B virus E antigen inhibitors, hepatitis B virus replication inhibitors, Hepatitis virus structural protein inhibitor, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, Hyaluronidase inhibitor, IAPB inhibitors, IL-2 agonist, IL-7 agonist, immunomodulators, indoleamine-2 inhibitors, inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase, Interleukin-2 ligand, ipi4 inhibitors, lysine demethylase inhibitors, histone demethylase inhibitors, KDM1 inhibitors, KDM5 inhibitors, killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1 inhibitors, lymphocyte-activation gene 3 inhibitors, lymphotoxin beta receptor activators, modulators of Axl, modulators of B7-H3, modulators of B7-H4, modulators of CD160, modulators of CD161, modulators of CD27, modulators of CD47, modulators of CD70, modulators of GITR, modulators of HEVEM, modulators of ICOS, modulators of Mer, modulators of NKG2A, modulators of NKG2D, modulators of OX40, modulators of SIRPalpha, modulators of TIGIT, modulators of Tim-4, modulators of Tyro, Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) inhibitors, natural killer cell receptor 2B4 inhibitors, NOD2 gene stimulator, Nucleoprotein inhibitor, nucleoprotein modulators, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, Peptidylprolyl isomerase inhibitor, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 stimulator, Reverse transcriptase inhibitor, Ribonuclease inhibitor, RNA DNA polymerase inhibitor, SLC10A1 gene inhibitor, SMAC mimetics, Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, stimulator of interferon gene (STING) agonists, stimulators of NOD1, T cell surface glycoprotein CD28 inhibitor, T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 modulator, Thymosin agonist, Thymosin alpha 1 ligand, Tim-3 inhibitors, TLR-3 agonist, TLR-7 agonist, TLR-9 agonist, TLR9 gene stimulator, toll-like receptor (TLR) modulators, Viral ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

HBV Combination Drugs

Examples of combination drugs for the treatment of HBV include TRUVADA® (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine); ABX-203, lamivudine, and PEG-IFN-alpha; ABX-203 adefovir, and PEG-IFNalpha; and INO-1800 (INO-9112 and RG7944).

Other HBV Drugs

Examples of other drugs for the treatment of HBV include alpha-hydroxytropolones, amdoxovir, beta-hydroxycytosine nucleosides, AL-034, CCC-0975, elvucitabine, ezetimibe, cyclosporin A, gentiopicrin (gentiopicroside), JNJ-56136379, nitazoxanide, birinapant, NJK14047, NOV-205 (molixan, BAM-205), oligotide, mivotilate, feron, GST-HG-131, levamisole, Ka Shu Ning, alloferon, WS-007, Y-101 (Ti Fen Tai), rSIFN-co, PEG-IIFNm, KW-3, BP-Inter-014, oleanolic acid, HepB-nRNA, cTP-5 (rTP-5), HSK-II-2, HEISCO-106-1, HEISCO-106, Hepbarna, IBPB-0061A, Hepuyinfen, DasKloster 0014-01, ISA-204, Jiangantai (Ganxikang), MIV-210, OB-AI-004, PF-06, picroside, DasKloster-0039, hepulantai, IMB-2613, TCM-800B, reduced glutathione, RO-6864018, RG-7834, UB-551, and ZH-2N, and the compounds disclosed in US20150210682, (Roche), US 2016/0122344 (Roche), WO2015173164, WO2016023877, US2015252057A (Roche), WO16128335A1 (Roche), WO16120186A1 (Roche), US2016237090A (Roche), WO16107833A1 (Roche), WO16107832A1 (Roche), US2016176899A (Roche), WO16102438A1 (Roche), WO16012470A1 (Roche), US2016220586A (Roche), and US2015031687A (Roche).

HBV Vaccines

HBV vaccines include both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Examples of HBV prophylactic vaccines include Vaxelis, Hexaxim, Heplisav, Mosquirix, DTwP-HBV vaccine, Bio-Hep-B, D/T/P/HBV/M (LBVP-0101; LBVW-0101), DTwP-Hepb-Hib-IPV vaccine, Heberpenta L, DTwP-HepB-Hib, V-419, CVI-HBV-001, Tetrabhay, hepatitis B prophylactic vaccine (Advax Super D), Hepatrol-07, GSK-223192A, ENGERIX B®, recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (intramuscular, Kangtai Biological Products), recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Hansenual polymorpha yeast, intramuscular, Hualan Biological Engineering), recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine, Bimmugen, Euforavac, Eutravac, anrix-DTaP—IPV-Hep B, HBAI-20, Infanrix-DTaP—IPV-Hep B-Hib, Pentabio Vaksin DTP—HB-Hib, Comvac 4, Twinrix, Euvax-B, Tritanrix HB, Infanrix Hep B, Comvax, DTP-Hib-HBV vaccine, DTP-HBV vaccine, Yi Tai, Heberbiovac HB, Trivac HB, GerVax, DTwP-Hep B-Hib vaccine, Bilive, Hepavax-Gene, SUPERVAX, Comvac5, Shanvac-B, Hebsulin, Recombivax HB, Revac B mcf, Revac B+, Fendrix, DTwP-HepB-Hib, DNA-001, Shan5, Shan6, rhHBsAG vaccine, HBI pentavalent vaccine, LBVD, Infanrix HeXa, and DTaP-rHB-Hib vaccine.

Examples of HBV therapeutic vaccines include HBsAG-HBIG complex, ARB-1598, Bio-Hep-B, NASVAC, abi-HB (intravenous), ABX-203, Tetrabhay, GX-110E, GS-4774, peptide vaccine (epsilonPA-44), Hepatrol-07, NASVAC (NASTERAP), IMP-321, BEVAC, Revac B mcf, Revac B+, MGN-1333, KW-2, CVI-HBV-002, AltraHepB, VGX-6200, FP-02, FP-02.2, TG-1050, NU-500, HBVax, im/TriGrid/antigen vaccine, Mega-CD40L-adjuvanted vaccine, HepB-v, RG7944 (INO-1800), recombinant VLP-based therapeutic vaccine (HBV infection, VLP Biotech), AdTG-17909, AdTG-17910 AdTG-18202, ChronVac-B, TG-1050, and Lm HBV.

HBV DNA Polymerase Inhibitors

Examples of HBV DNA polymerase inhibitors include adefovir (HEPSERA®), emtricitabine (EMTRIVA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, tenofovir dipivoxil, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, tenofovir octadecyloxyethyl ester, CMX-157, besifovir, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), entecavir maleate, telbivudine (TYZEKA®), filocilovir, pradefovir, clevudine, ribavirin, lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®), phosphazide, famciclovir, fusolin, metacavir, SNC-019754, FMCA, AGX-1009, AR-II-04-26, HIP-1302, tenofovir disoproxil aspartate, tenofovir disoproxil orotate, and HS-10234.

Immunomodulators

Examples of immunomodulators include rintatolimod, imidol hydrochloride, ingaron, dermaVir, plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine), proleukin, hydroxyurea, mycophenolate mofetil (MPA) and its ester derivative mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), JNJ-440, WF-10, AB-452, ribavirin, IL-12, INO-9112, polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI), Gepon, VGV-1, MOR-22, CRV-431, JNJ-0535, TG-1050, ABI-H2158, BMS-936559, GS-9688, RO-7011785, RG-7854, AB-506, RO-6871765, AIC-649, and IR-103.

Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Modulators

TLR modulators include modulators of TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13. Examples of TLR3 modulators include rintatolimod, poly-ICLC, RTBOXXON®, Apoxxim, RTBOXXIM®, IPH-33, MCT-465, MCT-475, and ND-1.1.

Examples of TLR7 modulators include GS-9620, GSK-2245035, imiquimod, resiquimod, DSR-6434, DSP-3025, IMO-4200, MCT-465, MEDI-9197, 3M-051, SB-9922, 3M-052, Limtop, D, telratolimod, SP-0509, TMX-30X, TMX-202, RG-7863, RG-7795, LHC-165, RG-7854, and the compounds disclosed in US20100143301 (Gilead Sciences), US20110098248 (Gilead Sciences), and US20090047249 (Gilead Sciences).

Examples of TLR8 modulators include motolimod, resiquimod, 3M-051, 3M-052, MCT-465, IMO-4200, VTX-763, VTX-1463, GS-9688 and the compounds disclosed in US20140045849 (Janssen), US20140073642 (Janssen), WO2014/056953 (Janssen), WO2014/076221 (Janssen), WO2014/128189 (Janssen), US20140350031 (Janssen), WO2014/023813 (Janssen), US20080234251 (Array Biopharma), US20080306050 (Array Biopharma), US20100029585 (Ventirx Pharma), US20110092485 (Ventirx Pharma), US20110118235 (Ventirx Pharma), US20120082658 (Ventirx Pharma), US20120219615 (Ventirx Pharma), US20140066432 (Ventirx Pharma), US20140088085 (Ventirx Pharma), US20140275167 (Novira Therapeutics), US20130251673 (Novira Therapeutics), U.S. Pat. No. 9,670,205, US 20160289229, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/692,161, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/692,093.

Examples of TLR9 modulators include BB-001, BB-006, CYT-003, IMO-2055, IMO-2125, IMO-3100, IMO-8400, IR-103, IMO-9200, agatolimod, DIMS-9054, DV-1079, DV-1179, AZD-1419, leftolimod (MGN-1703), litenimod, and CYT-003-QbG10.

Examples of TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 modulators include the compounds disclosed in WO2017047769 (Teika Seiyaku), WO2015014815 (Janssen), WO2018045150 (Gilead Sciences Inc), WO2018045144 (Gilead Sciences Inc), WO2015162075 (Roche), WO2017034986 (University of Kansas), WO2018095426 (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co Ltd), WO2016091698 (Roche), WO2016075661 (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals), WO2016180743 (Roche), WO2018089695 (Dynavax Technologies), WO2016055553 (ROche), WO2015168279 (Novartis), WO2016107536 (Medshine Discovery), WO2018086593 (Livo (Shanghai) Pharmaceutical), WO2017106607 (Merck), WO2017061532 (Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma), WO2016023511 (Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical), WO2017076346 (Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical), WO2017046112 (ROche), WO2018078149 (Roche), WO2017040233 (3M Co), WO2016141092 (Gilead Sciences), WO2018049089 (BristolMyers Squibb), WO2015057655 (Eisai Co Ltd), WO2017001307 (Roche), WO2018005586 (BristolMyers Squibb), WO201704023(3M Co), WO2017163264 (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)), WO2018046460 (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals), WO2018047081 (Novartis), WO2016142250 (Roche), WO2015168269 (Novartis), WO201804163 (Roche), WO2018038877 (3M Co), WO2015057659 (Eisai Co Ltd), WO2017202704 (Roche), WO2018026620 (BristolMyers Squibb), WO2016029077 (Janus Biotherapeutics), WO201803143 (Merck), WO2016096778 (Roche), WO2017190669 (Shanghai De Novo Pharmatech), U.S. Ser. No. 09/884,866 (University of Minnesota), WO2017219931 (Sichuan KelunBiotech Biopharmaceutical), WO2018002319 (Janssen Sciences), WO2017216054 (Roche), WO2017202703 (Roche), WO2017184735 (IFM Therapeutics), WO2017184746 (IFM Therapeutics), WO2015088045 (Takeda Pharmaceutical), WO2017038909 (Takeda Pharmaceutical), WO2015095780 (University of Kansas), WO2015023958 (University of Kansas)

Interferon Alpha Receptor Ligands

Examples of interferon alpha receptor ligands include interferon alpha-2b (INTRON A®), pegylated interferon alpha-2a (PEGASYS®), PEGylated interferon alpha-1b, interferon alpha 1b (HAPGEN®), Veldona, Infradure, Roferon-A, YPEG-interferon alfa-2a (YPEG-rhIFNalpha-2a), P-1101, Algeron, Alfarona, Ingaron (interferon gamma), rSIFN-co (recombinant super compound interferon), Ypeginterferon alfa-2b (YPEG-rhIFNalpha-2b), MOR-22, peginterferon alfa-2b (PEG-INTRON®), Bioferon, Novaferon, Inmutag (Inferon), MULTIFERON®, interferon alfa-n1 (HUMOFERON®), interferon beta-1a (AVONEX®), Shaferon, interferon alfa-2b (Axxo), Alfaferone, interferon alfa-2b (BioGeneric Pharma), interferon-alpha 2 (CJ), Laferonum, VIPEG, BLAUFERON-A, BLAUFERON-B, Intermax Alpha, Realdiron, Lanstion, Pegaferon, PDferon-B PDferon-B, interferon alfa-2b (IFN, Laboratorios Bioprofarma), alfainterferona 2b, Kalferon, Pegnano, Feronsure, PegiHep, interferon alfa 2b (Zydus-Cadila), interferon alfa 2a, Optipeg A, Realfa 2B, Reliferon, interferon alfa-2b (Amega), interferon alfa-2b (Virchow), ropeginterferon alfa-2b, rHSA-IFN alpha-2a (recombinant human serum albumin intereferon alpha 2a fusion protein), rHSA-IFN alpha 2b, recombinant human interferon alpha-(1b, 2a, 2b), peginterferon alfa-2b (Amega), peginterferon alfa-2a, Reaferon-EC, Proquiferon, Uniferon, Urifron, interferon alfa-2b (Changchun Institute of Biological Products), Anterferon, Shanferon, Layfferon, Shang Sheng Lei Tai, INTEFEN, SINOGEN, Fukangtai, Pegstat, rHSA-IFN alpha-2b, SFR-9216, and Interapo (Interapa).

Hyaluronidase Inhibitors

Examples of hyaluronidase inhibitors include astodrimer.

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Inhibitors

Examples of HBsAg inhibitors include HBF-0259, PBHBV-001, PBHBV-2-15, PBHBV-2-1, REP-9AC, REP-9C, REP-9, REP-2139, REP-2139-Ca, REP-2165, REP-2055, REP-2163, REP-2165, REP-2053, REP-2031 and REP-006, and REP-9AC′.

Examples of HBsAg secretion inhibitors include BM601.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (ipi4) inhibitors

Examples of Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (ipi4) inhibitors include AGEN-2041, AGEN-1884, ipilumimab, belatacept, PSI-001, PRS-010, Probody mAbs, tremelimumab, and JHL-1155.

Cyclophilin Inhibitors

Examples of cyclophilin inhibitors include CPI-431-32, EDP-494, OCB-030, SCY-635, NVP-015, NVP-018, NVP-019, STG-175, and the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,513,184 (Gilead Sciences), US20140030221 (Gilead Sciences), US20130344030 (Gilead Sciences), and US20130344029 (Gilead Sciences).

HBV Viral Entry Inhibitors

Examples of HBV viral entry inhibitors include Myrcludex B.

Antisense Oligonucleotide Targeting Viral mRNA

Examples of antisense oligonucleotide targeting viral mRNA include ISIS-HBVRx, IONIS-HBVRx, IONIS-GSK6-LRx, GSK-3389404, RG-6004.

Short Interfering RNAs (siRNA) and ddRNAi.

Examples of siRNA include TKM-HBV (TKM-HepB), ALN-HBV, SR-008, HepB-nRNA, and ARC-520, ARC-521, ARB-1740, ARB-1467.

Examples of DNA-directed RNA interference (ddRNAi) include BB-HB-331.

Endonuclease Modulators

Examples of endonuclease modulators include PGN-514.

Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitors

Examples of inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase include Trimidox.

HBV E Antigen Inhibitors

Examples of HBV E antigen inhibitors include wogonin.

Covalently Closed Circular DNA (cccDNA) Inhibitors

Examples of cccDNA inhibitors include BSBI-25, and CHR-101.

Farnesoid X receptor agonist

Examples of farnesoid x receptor agonist such as EYP-001, GS-9674, EDP-305, MET-409, Tropifexor, AKN-083, RDX-023, BWD-100, LMB-763, INV-3, NTX-023-1, EP-024297 and GS-8670

HBV Antibodies

Examples of HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus include GC-1102, XTL-17, XTL-19, KN-003, IV Hepabulin SN, and fully human monoclonal antibody therapy (hepatitis B virus infection, Humabs BioMed).

Examples of HBV antibodies, including monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies, include Zutectra, Shang Sheng Gan Di, Uman Big (Hepatitis B Hyperimmune), Omri-Hep-B, Nabi-HB, Hepatect CP, HepaGam B, igantibe, Niuliva, CT-P24, hepatitis B immunoglobulin (intravenous, pH4, HBV infection, Shanghai RAAS Blood Products), and Fovepta (BT-088).

Fully human monoclonal antibodies include HBC-34.

CCR2 Chemokine Antagonists

Examples of CCR2 chemokine antagonists include propagermanium.

Thymosin Agonists

Examples of thymosin agonists include Thymalfasin, recombinant thymosin alpha 1 (Gene Science)

Cytokines

Examples of cytokines include recombinant IL-7, CYT-107, interleukin-2 (IL-2, Immunex), recombinant human interleukin-2 (Shenzhen Neptunus), IL-15, IL-21, IL-24, and celmoleukin.

Nucleoprotein Modulators

Nucleoprotein modulators may be either HBV core or capsid protein inhibitors. Examples of nucleoprotein modulators include GS-4882, AB-423, AT-130, GLS4, NVR-1221, NVR-3778, AL-3778, BAY 41-4109, morphothiadine mesilate, ARB-168786, ARB-880, JNJ-379, RG-7907, HEC-72702, AB-506, ABI-H0731, JNJ-440, ABI-H2158 and DVR-23.

Examples of capsid inhibitors include the compounds disclosed in US20140275167 (Novira Therapeutics), US20130251673 (Novira Therapeutics), US20140343032 (Roche), WO2014037480 (Roche), US20130267517 (Roche), WO2014131847 (Janssen), WO2014033176 (Janssen), WO2014033170 (Janssen), WO2014033167 (Janssen), WO2015/059212 (Janssen), WO2015118057 (Janssen), WO2015011281 (Janssen), WO2014184365 (Janssen), WO2014184350 (Janssen), WO2014161888 (Janssen), WO2013096744 (Novira), US20150225355 (Novira), US20140178337 (Novira), US20150315159 (Novira), US20150197533 (Novira), US20150274652 (Novira), US20150259324, (Novira), US20150132258 (Novira), U.S. Pat. No. 9,181,288 (Novira), WO2014184350 (Janssen), WO2013144129 (Roche), WO2017198744 (Roche), US 20170334882 (Novira), US 20170334898 (Roche), WO2017202798 (Roche), WO2017214395 (Enanta), WO2018001944 (Roche), WO2018001952 (Roche), WO2018005881 (Novira), WO2018005883 (Novira), WO2018011100 (Roche), WO2018011160 (Roche), WO2018011162 (Roche), WO2018011163 (Roche), WO2018036941 (Roche), WO2018043747 (Kyoto Univ), US20180065929 (Janssen), WO2016168619 (Indiana University), WO2016195982 (The Penn State Foundation), WO2017001655 (Janssen), WO2017048950 (Assembly Biosciences), WO2017048954 (Assembly Biosciences), WO2017048962 (Assembly Biosciences), US20170121328 (Novira), US20170121329 (Novira).

Examples of transcript inhibitors include the compounds disclosed in WO2017013046 (Roche), WO2017016960 (Roche), WO2017017042 (Roche), WO2017017043 (Roche), WO2017061466 (Toyoma chemicals), WO2016177655 (Roche), WO2016161268 (Enanta). WO2017001853 (Redex Pharma), WO2017211791 (Roche), WO2017216685 (Novartis), WO2017216686 (Novartis), WO2018019297 (Ginkgo Pharma), WO2018022282 (Newave Pharma), US20180030053 (Novartis), WO2018045911 (Zhejiang Pharma).

Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene 1 Stimulators

Examples of stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 include SB-9200, SB-40, SB-44, ORI-7246, ORI-9350, ORI-7537, ORI-9020, ORI-9198, and ORI-7170, RGT-100.

NOD2 Stimulators

Examples of stimulators of NOD2 include SB-9200.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) Inhibitors

Examples of PI3K inhibitors include idelalisib, ACP-319, AZD-8186, AZD-8835, buparlisib, CDZ-173, CLR-457, pictilisib, neratinib, rigosertib, rigosertib sodium, EN-3342, TGR-1202, alpelisib, duvelisib, IPI-549, UCB-5857, taselisib, XL-765, gedatolisib, ME-401, VS-5584, copanlisib, CAI orotate, perifosine, RG-7666, GSK-2636771, DS-7423, panulisib, GSK-2269557, GSK-2126458, CUDC-907, PQR-309, NCB-40093, pilaralisib, BAY-1082439, puquitinib mesylate, SAR-245409, AMG-319, RP-6530, ZSTK-474, MLN-1117, SF-1126, RV-1729, sonolisib, LY-3023414, SAR-260301, TAK-117, HMPL-689, tenalisib, voxtalisib, and CLR-1401.

Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) Pathway Inhibitors

Examples of IDO inhibitors include epacadostat (INCB24360), resminostat (4SC-201), indoximod, F-001287, SN-35837, NLG-919, GDC-0919, GBV-1028, GBV-1012, NKTR-218, and the compounds disclosed in US20100015178 (Incyte), US2016137652 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.), WO2014073738 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.), and WO2015188085 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.).

PD-1 Inhibitors

Examples of PD-1 inhibitors include cemiplimab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, BGB-108, STI-A1014, SHR-1210, PDR-001, PF-06801591, IBI-308, GB-226, STI-1110, JNJ-63723283, CA-170, durvalumab, atezolizumab and mDX-400, JS-001, Camrelizumab, Sintilimab, Sintilimab, tislelizumab, BCD-100, BGB-A333 JNJ-63723283, GLS-010 (WBP-3055), CX-072, AGEN-2034, GNS-1480 (Epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; Programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitor), CS-1001, M-7824 (PD-L1/TGF-β bifunctional fusion protein), Genolimzumab, BMS-936559

PD-L1 Inhibitors

Examples of PD-L1 inhibitors include atezolizumab, avelumab, AMP-224, MEDI-0680, RG-7446, GX-P2, durvalumab, KY-1003, KD-033, MSB-0010718C, TSR-042, ALN-PDL, STI-A1014, GS-4224, CX-072, and BMS-936559.

Examples of PD-1 inhibitors include the compounds disclosed in WO2017112730 (Incyte Corp), WO2017087777 (Incyte Corp), WO2017017624, WO2014151634 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO201317322 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2018119286 (Incyte Corp), WO2018119266 (Incyte Corp), WO2018119263 (Incyte Corp), WO2018119236 (Incyte Corp), WO2018119221 (Incyte Corp), WO2018118848 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO20161266460 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2017087678 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2016149351 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2015033299 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2015179615 (Eisai Co Ltd; Eisai Research Institute), WO2017066227 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2016142886 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2016142852 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2016142835 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd; Individual), WO2016142833 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2018085750 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2015033303 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2017205464 (Incyte Corp), WO2016019232 (3M Co; Individual; Texas A&M University System), WO2015160641 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2017079669 (Incyte Corp), WO2015033301 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2015034820 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2018073754 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2016077518 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2016057624 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2018044783 (Incyte Corp), WO2016100608 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2016100285 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2016039749 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2015019284 (Cambridge Enterprise Ltd), WO2016142894 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2015134605 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2018051255 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2018051254 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2017222976 (Incyte Corp), WO2017070089 (Incyte Corp), WO2018044963 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2013144704 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2018013789 (Incyte Corp), WO2017176608 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2018009505 (BristolMyers Squibb Co), WO2011161699 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2015119944 (Incyte Corp; Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp), WO2017192961 (Incyte Corp), WO2017106634 (Incyte Corp), WO2013132317 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2012168944 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2015036927 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2015044900 (Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd), WO2018026971 (Arising International).

Recombinant Thymosin Alpha-I

Examples of recombinant thymosin alpha-1 include NL-004 and PEGylated thymosin alpha-1.

Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Inhibitors

Examples of BTK inhibitors include ABBV-105, acalabrutinib (ACP-196), ARQ-531, BMS-986142, dasatinib, ibrutinib, GDC-0853, PRN-1008, SNS-062, ONO-4059, BGB-3111, ML-319, MSC-2364447, RDX-022, X-022, AC-058, RG-7845, spebrutinib, TAS-5315, TP-0158, TP-4207, HM-71224, KBP-7536, M-2951, TAK-020, AC-0025, and the compounds disclosed in US20140330015 (Ono Pharmaceutical), US20130079327 (Ono Pharmaceutical), and US20130217880 (Ono Pharmaceutical).

KDM Inhibitors

Examples of KDM5 inhibitors include the compounds disclosed in WO2016057924 (Genentech/Constellation Pharmaceuticals), US20140275092 (Genentech/Constellation Pharmaceuticals), US20140371195 (Epitherapeutics) and US20140371214 (Epitherapeutics), US20160102096 (Epitherapeutics), US20140194469 (Quanticel), US20140171432, US20140213591 (Quanticel), US20160039808 (Quanticel), US20140275084 (Quanticel), WO2014164708 (Quanticel).

Examples of KDM1 inhibitors include the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,186,337B2 (Oryzon Genomics), GSK-2879552, and RG-6016.

STING Agonists

Examples of STING agonists include SB-11285, AdVCA0848, STINGVAX, amd the compounds disclosed in WO 2018065360 (“Biolog Life Science Institute Forschungslabor and Biochemica-Vertrieb GmbH, Germany), WO 2018009466 (Aduro Biotech), WO 2017186711 (InvivoGen), WO 2017161349 (Immune Sensor), WO 2017106740 (Aduro Biotech), US 20170158724 (Glaxo Smithkiline), WO 2017075477 (Aduro Biotech), US 20170044206 (Merck), WO 2014179760 (University of California), WO2018098203 (Janssn), WO2018118665 (Merck), WO2018118664 (Merck), WO2018100558 (Takeda), WO2018067423 (Merck), WO2018060323 (Boehringer).

Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI)

Examples of NNRTI include the compounds disclosed in WO2018118826 (Merck), WO2018080903 (Merck), WO2018119013 (Merck), WO2017100108 (Idenix), WO2017027434 (Merck), WO2017007701 (Merck), WO2008005555 (Gilead).

HBV Replication Inhibitors

Examples of hepatitis B virus replication inhibitors include isothiafludine, IQP-HBV, RM-5038, and Xingantie.

Arginase Inhibitors

Examples of Arginase inhibitors include CB-1158, C-201, and resminostat.

Gene Therapy and Cell Therapy

Gene therapy and cell therapy includes the genetic modification to silence a gene;

genetic approaches to directly kill the infected cells; the infusion of immune cells designed to replace most of the patient's own immune system to enhance the immune response to infected cells, or activate the patient's own immune system to kill infected cells, or find and kill the infected cells; and genetic approaches to modify cellular activity to further alter endogenous immune responsiveness against the infection.

Gene Editors

Examples of genome editing systems include a CRISPR/Cas9 system, a zinc finger nuclease system, a TALEN system, a homing endonucleases system, and a meganuclease system; e.g., cccDNA elimination via targeted cleavage, and altering one or more of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral genes. Altering (e.g., knocking out and/or knocking down) the PreC, C, X PreSI, PreS2, S, P or SP gene refers to (1) reducing or eliminating PreC, C, X, PreSI, PreS2, S, P or SP gene expression, (2) interfering with Precore, Core, X protein, Long surface protein, middle surface protein, S protein (also known as HBs antigen and HBsAg), polymerase protein, and/or Hepatitis B spliced protein function (HBe, HBc, HBx, PreS1, PreS2, S, Pol, and/or HBSP or (3) reducing or eliminating the intracellular, serum and/or intraparenchymal levels of HBe, HBc, HBx, LHBs, MHBs, SHBs, Pol, and/or HBSP proteins. Knockdown of one or more of the PreC, C, X PreSI, PreS2, S, P and/or SP gene(s) is performed by targeting the gene(s) within HBV cccDNA and/or integrated HBV DNA.

CAR-T Cell Therapy

CAR T cell therapy includes a population of immune effector cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), wherein the CAR comprises an HBV antigen-binding domain. The immune effector cell is a T cell or an NK cell. In some embodiments, the T cell is a CD4+ T cell, a CD8+ T cell, or a combination thereof. Cells can be autologous or allogeneic.

TCR-T Cell Therapy

TCR T cell therapy includes T cells expressing HBV-specific T cell receptors. TCR-T cells are engineered to target HBV derived peptides presented on the surface of virus-infected cells. In some embodiments, the T-cells express HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific TCR. Examples of TCR-T therapy directed to treatment of HBV include LTCR-H2-1.

In another specific embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with an HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor, one or two additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of immunomodulators, TLR modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins (such as DARTs DUOBODIES®, BITES®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives, or TCR-like antibodies), cyclophilin inhibitors, stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1, stimulators of RIG-I like receptors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, Arginase inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, IDO inhibitors, and stimulators of NOD2, and one or two additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, cccDNA inhibitors, HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, sshRNAs, KDM5 inhibitors, and nucleoprotein modulators (HBV core or capsid protein modulators).

In another specific embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with an HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: immunomodulators, TLR modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins (such as DARTs®, DUOBODIES®, BITES®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives, or TCR-like antibodies), cyclophilin inhibitors, stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1, stimulators of RIG-I like receptors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, Arginase inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, IDO inhibitors, and stimulators of NOD2.

In another specific embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with an HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, cccDNA inhibitors, HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, sshRNAs, KDM5 inhibitors, and nucleoprotein modulators (HBV core or capsid protein inhibitors).

In a particular embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with compounds such as those disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2010/0143301 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2011/0098248 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2009/0047249 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Pat. No. 8,722,054 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0045849 (Janssen), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0073642 (Janssen), WO2014/056953 (Janssen), WO2014/076221 (Janssen), WO2014/128189 (Janssen), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0350031 (Janssen), WO2014/023813 (Janssen), U.S. Publication No. 2008/0234251 (Array Biopharma), U.S. Publication No. 2008/0306050 (Array Biopharma), U.S. Publication No. 2010/0029585 (Ventirx Pharma), U.S. Publication No. 2011/0092485 (Ventirx Pharma), US2011/0118235 (Ventirx Pharma), U.S. Publication No. 2012/0082658 (Ventirx Pharma), U.S. Publication No. 2012/0219615 (Ventirx Pharma), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0066432 (Ventirx Pharma), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0088085 (Ventirx Pharma), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0275167 (Novira Therapeutics), U.S. Publication No. 2013/0251673 (Novira Therapeutics), U.S. Pat. No. 8,513,184 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0030221 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2013/0344030 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2013/0344029 (Gilead Sciences), US20140275167 (Novira Therapeutics), US20130251673 (Novira Therapeutics), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0343032 (Roche), WO2014037480 (Roche), U.S. Publication No. 2013/0267517 (Roche), WO2014131847 (Janssen), WO2014033176 (Janssen), WO2014033170 (Janssen), WO2014033167 (Janssen), WO2015/059212 (Janssen), WO2015118057 (Janssen), WO2015011281 (Janssen), WO2014184365 (Janssen), WO2014184350 (Janssen), WO2014161888 (Janssen), WO2013096744 (Novira), US20150225355 (Novira), US20140178337 (Novira), US20150315159 (Novira), US20150197533 (Novira), US20150274652 (Novira), US20150259324, (Novira), US20150132258 (Novira), U.S. Pat. No. 9,181,288 (Novira), WO2014184350 (Janssen), WO2013144129 (Roche), US20100015178 (Incyte), US2016137652 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.), WO2014073738 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.), WO2015188085 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0330015 (Ono Pharmaceutical), U.S. Publication No. 2013/0079327 (Ono Pharmaceutical), U.S. Publication No. 2013/0217880 (Ono pharmaceutical), WO2016057924 (Genentech/Constellation Pharmaceuticals), US20140275092 (Genentech/Constellation Pharmaceuticals), US20140371195 (Epitherapeutics) and US20140371214 (Epitherapeutics), US20160102096 (Epitherapeutics), US20140194469 (Quanticel), US20140171432, US20140213591 (Quanticel), US20160039808 (Quanticel), US20140275084 (Quanticel), WO2014164708 (Quanticel), U.S. Pat. No. 9,186,337B2 (Oryzon Genomics), and other drugs for treating HBV, and combinations thereof.

Cancer Combination Therapy

In one embodiment, the compound of the disclosure may be employed with other therapeutic methods of cancer treatment. Preferably, combination therapy with chemotherapeutic, hormonal, antibody, surgical and/or radiation treatments are contemplated.

In some embodiments, the further anti-cancer therapy is surgery and/or radiotherapy.

In some embodiments, the further anti-cancer therapy is at least one additional cancer medicament.

In some embodiments, there is provided a combination comprising a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one further cancer medicament.

In some embodiments, there is provided a combination comprising a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one further cancer medicament, for use in therapy.

In some embodiments, there is provided the use of a combination comprising a compound of the present disclosure, or a tautomer, enantiomer, hydrate, solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one cancer medicament, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.

Examples of further cancer medicaments include intercalating substances such as anthracycline, doxorubicin, idarubicin, epirubicin, and daunorubicin; topoisomerase inhibitors such as irinotecan, topotecan, camptothecin, lamellarin D, etoposide, teniposide, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, ellipticines and aurintricarboxylic acid; nitrosourea compounds such as carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), and streptozocin; nitrogen mustards such as cyclophosphamide, mechlorethamine, uramustine, bendamustine, melphalan, chlorambucil, mafosfamide, trofosfamid and ifosfamide; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan and treosulfan; alkylating agents such as procarbazin, dacarbazin, temozolomid and thiotepa; platinum analogues such as cisplatin, carboplatin, nedaplatin, oxaliplatin, satraplatin, and triplatin tetranitrate; microtubule disruptive drugs such as vinblastine, colcemid and nocodazole; antifolates like methotrexate, aminopterin, dichloromethotrexat, pemetrexed, raltitrexed and pralatrexate: purine analogues like azathioprine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, fludarabine, fludarabine phosphate, pentostatin and cladribine; pyrimidine analogues like 5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, cytarabine, 6-azauracil, gemcitabine; steroids such as gestagene, androgene, glucocorticoids, dexamethasone, prednisolone, and prednisone; anti-cancer antibodies such as monoclonal antibodies, e.g., alemtuzumab, apolizumab, cetuximab, epratuzumab, galiximab, gemtuzumab, ipilimumab, labetuzumab, panitumumab, rituximab, trastuzumab, nimotuzumab, mapatumumab, matuzumab, rhMab ICR62 and pertuzumab, radioactively labeled antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates; anti-cancer peptides such as radioactively labeled peptides and peptide-drug conjugates; and taxane and taxane analogues such as paclitaxel and docetaxel.

In certain embodiments, a method for treating or preventing a hyperproliferative disorder or cancer in a human or animal having or at risk of having the hyperproliferative disorder or cancer is provided, comprising administering to the human or animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, one or two, or one to three) additional therapeutic agents. In one embodiment, a method for treating a hyperproliferative disorder or cancer in a human or animal having or at risk of having the hyperproliferative disorder or cancer is provided, comprising administering to the human or animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, one or two, or one to three) additional therapeutic agents.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a hyperproliferative disorder or cancer, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more additional therapeutic agents which are suitable for treating hyperproliferative disorder or cancer.

The compounds described herein may be used or combined with one or more of a chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-cancer agent, an anti-angiogenic agent, an anti-fibrotic agent, an immunotherapeutic agent, a therapeutic antibody, a bispecific antibody and “antibody-like” therapeutic protein (such as DARTs®, Duobodies®, Bites®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a radiotherapeutic agent, an anti-neoplastic agent, an anti-proliferation agent, an oncolytic virus, a gene modifier or editor (such as CRISPR/Cas9, zinc finger nucleases or synthetic nucleases, TALENs), a CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T-cell immunotherapeutic agent, an engineered T cell receptor (TCR-T), or any combination thereof. These therapeutic agents may be in the forms of compounds, antibodies, polypeptides, or polynucleotides. In one embodiment, provided herein is a product comprising a compound described herein and an additional therapeutic agent as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate, or sequential use in therapy.

The one or more therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, an inhibitor, agonist, antagonist, ligand, modulator, stimulator, blocker, activator or suppressor of a gene, ligand, receptor, protein, or factor. Non-limiting examples of additional therapeutic agents include: Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 gene (ABL, such as ABL1), Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (such as ACC1/2), activated CDC kinase (ACK, such as ACK1), Adenosine deaminase, adenosine receptor (such as A2B, A2a, A3), Adenylate cyclase, ADP ribosyl cyclase-1, adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor (ACTH), Aerolysin, AKT1 gene, Alk-5 protein kinase, Alkaline phosphatase, Alpha 1 adrenoceptor, Alpha 2 adrenoceptor, Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), Aminopeptidase N, AMP activated protein kinase, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK, such as ALK1), Androgen receptor, Angiopoietin (such as ligand-1, ligand-2), Angiotensinogen (AGT) gene, murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT) protein kinase (such as AKT1, AKT2, AKT3), apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) gene, Apoptosis inducing factor, apoptosis protein (such as 1, 2), apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK, such as ASK1), Arginase (I), Arginine deiminase, Aromatase, Asteroid homolog 1 (ASTE1) gene, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad 3 related (ATR) serine/threonine protein kinase, Aurora protein kinase (such as 1, 2), Axl tyrosine kinase receptor, Baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5 (BIRCS) gene, Basigin, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) gene, Bc12 binding component 3, Bc12 protein, BCL2L11 gene, BCR (breakpoint cluster region) protein and gene, Beta adrenoceptor, Beta-catenin, B-lymphocyte antigen CD19, B-lymphocyte antigen CD20, B-lymphocyte cell adhesion molecule, B-lymphocyte stimulator ligand, Bone morphogenetic protein-10 ligand, Bone morphogenetic protein-9 ligand modulator, Brachyury protein, Bradykinin receptor, B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF), Brc-Abl tyrosine kinase, Bromodomain and external domain (BET) bromodomain containing protein (such as BRD2, BRD3, BRD4), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), Calmodulin, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK, such as CAMKII), Cancer testis antigen 2, Cancer testis antigen NY-ESO-1, cancer/testis antigen 1B (CTAG1) gene, Cannabinoid receptor (such as CB1, CB2), Carbonic anhydrase, casein kinase (CK, such as CKI, CKII), Caspase (such as caspase-3, caspase-7, Caspase-9), caspase 8 apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase CASP8-FADD-like regulator, Caspase recruitment domain protein-15, Cathepsin G, CCR5 gene, CDK-activating kinase (CAK), Checkpoint kinase (such as CHK1, CHK2), chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (such as CCR2, CCR4, CCR5), chemokine (C—X—C motif) receptor (such as CXCR4, CXCR1 and CXCR2), Chemokine CC21 ligand, Cholecystokinin CCK2 receptor, Chorionic gonadotropin, c-Kit (tyrosine-protein kinase Kit or CD117), Claudin (such as 6, 18), cluster of differentiation (CD) such as CD4, CD27, CD29, CD30, CD33, CD37, CD40, CD40 ligand receptor, CD40 ligand, CD40LG gene, CD44, CD45, CD47, CD49b, CD51, CD52, CD55, CD58, CD66e, CD70 gene, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD79B gene, CD80, CD95, CD99, CD117, CD122, CDw123, CD134, CDw137, CD158a, CD158b1, CD158b2, CD223, CD276 antigen; clusterin (CLU) gene, Clusterin, c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR)), Complement C₃, Connective tissue growth factor, COPS signalosome subunit 5, CSF-1 (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor), CSF2 gene, CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4) receptor, Cyclin D1, Cyclin G1, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK, such as CDK1, CDK1B, CDK2-9), cyclooxygenase (such as 1, 2), CYP2B1 gene, Cysteine palmitoyltransferase porcupine, Cytochrome P450 11B2, Cytochrome P450 17, cytochrome P450 17A1, Cytochrome P450 2D6, cytochrome P450 3A4, Cytochrome P450 reductase, cytokine signalling-1, cytokine signalling-3, Cytoplasmic isocitrate dehydrogenase, Cytosine deaminase, cytosine DNA methyltransferase, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein-4, DDR2 gene, Delta-like protein ligand (such as 3, 4), Deoxyribonuclease, Dickkopf-1 ligand, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, discoidin domain receptor (DDR, such as DDR1), DNA binding protein (such as HU-beta), DNA dependent protein kinase, DNA gyrase, DNA methyltransferase, DNA polymerase (such as alpha), DNA primase, dUTP pyrophosphatase, L-dopachrome tautomerase, echinoderm microtubule like protein 4, EGFR tyrosine kinase receptor, Elastase, Elongation factor 1 alpha 2, Elongation factor 2, Endoglin, Endonuclease, Endoplasmin, Endosialin, Endostatin, endothelin (such as ET-A, ET-B), Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), Ephrin (EPH) tyrosine kinase (such as Epha3, Ephb4), Ephrin B2 ligand, epidermal growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, Epigen, Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), Erb-b2 (v-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2) tyrosine kinase receptor, Erb-b3 tyrosine kinase receptor, Erb-b4 tyrosine kinase receptor, E-selectin, Estradiol 17 beta dehydrogenase, Estrogen receptor (such as alpha, beta), Estrogen related receptor, Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (EIFSA) gene, Exportin 1, Extracellular signal related kinase (such as 1, 2), Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), Factor (such as Xa, VIIa), farnesoid x receptor (FXR), Fas ligand, Fatty acid synthase (FASN), Ferritin, FGF-2 ligand, FGF-5 ligand, fibroblast growth factor (FGF, such as FGF1, FGF2, FGF4), Fibronectin, Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (F1t3), focal adhesion kinase (FAK, such as FAK2), folate hydrolase prostate-specific membrane antigen 1 (FOLH1), Folate receptor (such as alpha), Folate, Folate transporter 1, FYN tyrosine kinase, paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme (FURIN), Beta-glucuronidase, Galactosyltransferase, Galectin-3, Ganglioside GD2, Glucocorticoid, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein GITR receptor, Glutamate carboxypeptidase II, glutaminase, Glutathione S-transferase P, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK, such as 3-beta), Glypican 3 (GPC3), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH), Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor, Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF) ligand, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), Grp78 (78 kDa glucose-regulated protein) calcium binding protein, molecular chaperone groEL2 gene, Heat shock protein (such as 27, 70, 90 alpha, beta), Heat shock protein gene, Heat stable enterotoxin receptor, Hedgehog protein, Heparanase, Hepatocyte growth factor, HERV-H LTR associating protein 2, Hexose kinase, Histamine H2 receptor, Histone methyltransferase (DOT1L), histone deacetylase (HDAC, such as 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 11), Histone H1, Histone H3, HLA class I antigen (A-2 alpha), HLA class II antigen, Homeobox protein NANOG, HSPB1 gene, Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), Human papillomavirus (such as E6, E7) protein, Hyaluronic acid, Hyaluronidase, Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1a), Imprinted Maternally Expressed Transcript (H19) gene, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP4K1), tyrosine-protein kinase HCK, I-Kappa-B kinase (IKK, such as IKKbe), IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-12, IL-12 gene, IL-15, IL-17, IL-2 gene, IL-2 receptor alpha subunit, IL-2, IL-3 receptor, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, immunoglobulin (such as G, G1, G2, K, M), Immunoglobulin Fc receptor, Immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor (such as I, III, IIIA), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO, such as IDO1), indoleamine pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitor, insulin receptor, Insulin-like growth factor (such as 1, 2), Integrin alpha-4/beta-1, integrin alpha-4/beta-7, Integrin alpha-5/beta-1, Integrin alpha-V/beta-3, Integrin alpha-V/beta-5, Integrin alpha-V/beta-6, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), interferon (such as alpha, alpha 2, beta, gamma), Interferon inducible protein absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), interferon type I receptor, Interleukin 1 ligand, Interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2, interleukin 2 ligand, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), Interleukin-2, Interleukin-29 ligand, isocitrate dehydrogenase (such as IDH1, IDH2), Janus kinase (JAK, such as JAK1, JAK2), Jun N terminal kinase, kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3) gene, Killer cell Ig like receptor, Kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), Kinesin-like protein KIF11, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) gene, Kisspeptin (KiSS-1) receptor, KIT gene, v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT) tyrosine kinase, lactoferrin, Lanosterol-14 demethylase, LDL receptor related protein-1, Leukotriene A4 hydrolase, Listeriolysin, L-Selectin, Luteinizing hormone receptor, Lyase, lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (LAG-3), Lymphocyte antigen 75, Lymphocyte function antigen-3 receptor, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK), Lymphotactin, Lyn (Lck/Yes novel) tyrosine kinase, lysine demethylases (such as KDM1, KDM2, KDM4, KDM5, KDM6, A/B/C/D), Lysophosphatidate-1 receptor, lysosomal-associated membrane protein family (LAMP) gene, Lysyl oxidase homolog 2, lysyl oxidase protein (LOX), lysyl oxidase-like protein (LOXL, such as LOXL2), Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1 (HPK1), Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET) gene, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) ligand, Macrophage migration inhibitory fact, MAGEC1 gene, MAGEC2 gene, Major vault protein, MAPK-activated protein kinase (such as MK2), Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor, matrix metalloprotease (MMP, such as MMP2, MMP9), Mcl-1 differentiation protein, Mdm2 p53-binding protein, Mdm4 protein, Melan-A (MART-1) melanoma antigen, Melanocyte protein Pmel 17, melanocyte stimulating hormone ligand, melanoma antigen family A3 (MAGEA3) gene, Melanoma associated antigen (such as 1, 2, 3, 6), Membrane copper amine oxidase, Mesothelin, MET tyrosine kinase, Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, Metalloreductase STEAP1 (six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1), Metastin, methionine aminopeptidase-2, Methyltransferase, Mitochondrial 3 ketoacyl CoA thiolase, mitogen-activate protein kinase (MAPK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK, such as MEK1, MEK2), mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase), mTOR complex (such as 1,2), mucin (such as 1, 5A, 16), mut T homolog (MTH, such as MTH1), Myc proto-oncogene protein, myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) gene, myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS) protein, NAD ADP ribosyltransferase, natriuretic peptide receptor C, Neural cell adhesion molecule 1, Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, Neurokinin receptor, Neuropilin 2, NF kappa B activating protein, NIMA-related kinase 9 (NEK9), Nitric oxide synthase, NK cell receptor, NK3 receptor, NKG2 A B activating NK receptor, Noradrenaline transporter, Notch (such as Notch-2 receptor, Notch-3 receptor, Notch-4 receptor), Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nuclear Factor (NF) kappa B, Nucleolin, Nucleophosmin, nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK), 2 oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, 2,5-oligoadenylate synthetase, O-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase, Opioid receptor (such as delta), Ornithine decarboxylase, Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase, orphan nuclear hormone receptor NR4A1, Osteocalcin, Osteoclast differentiation factor, Osteopontin, OX-40 (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 TNFRSF4, or CD134) receptor, P3 protein, p38 kinase, p38 MAP kinase, p53 tumor suppressor protein, Parathyroid hormone ligand, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR, such as alpha, delta, gamma), P-Glycoprotein (such as 1), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K such as alpha, delta, gamma), phosphorylase kinase (PK), PKN3 gene, placenta growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF, such as alpha, beta), Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF, such as alpha, beta), Pleiotropic drug resistance transporter, Plexin B1, PLK1 gene, polo-like kinase (PLK), Polo-like kinase 1, Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP, such as PARP1, 2 and 3), Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) gene, Prenyl-binding protein (PrPB), Probable transcription factor PML, Progesterone receptor, Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), Programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitor (PD-L1), Prosaposin (PSAP) gene, Prostanoid receptor (EP4), prostate specific antigen, Prostatic acid phosphatase, proteasome, Protein E7, Protein farnesyltransferase, protein kinase (PK, such as A, B, C), protein tyrosine kinase, Protein tyrosine phosphatase beta, Proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (PIM, such as PIM-1, PIM-2, PIM-3), P-Selectin, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase, purinergic receptor P2X ligand gated ion channel 7 (P2X7), Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, Pyruvate kinase (PYK), 5-Alpha-reductase, Raf protein kinase (such as 1, B), RAF1 gene, Ras gene, Ras GTPase, RET gene, Ret tyrosine kinase receptor, retinoblastoma associated protein, retinoic acid receptor (such as gamma), Retinoid X receptor, Rheb (Ras homolog enriched in brain) GTPase, Rho (Ras homolog) associated protein kinase 2, ribonuclease, Ribonucleotide reductase (such as M2 subunit), Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, RNA polymerase (such as I, II), Ron (Recepteur d′Origine Nantais) tyrosine kinase, ROS1 (ROS proto-oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase) gene, Ros1 tyrosine kinase, Runt-related transcription factor 3, Gamma-secretase, S100 calcium binding protein A9, Sarco endoplasmic calcium ATPase, Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) protein, Secreted frizzled related protein-2, Semaphorin-4D, Serine protease, serine/threonine kinase (STK), serine/threonine-protein kinase (TBK, such as TBK1), signal transduction and transcription (STAT, such as STAT-1, STAT-3, STAT-5), Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family member 7, six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP) gene, SL cytokine ligand, smoothened (SMO) receptor, Sodium iodide cotransporter, Sodium phosphate cotransporter 2B, Somatostatin receptor (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), Sonic hedgehog protein, Son of sevenless (SOS), Specific protein 1 (Sp1) transcription factor, Sphingomyelin synthase, Sphingosine kinase (such as 1, 2), Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1, spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), SRC gene, Src tyrosine kinase, STAT3 gene, Steroid sulfatase, Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) receptor, stimulator of interferon genes protein, Stromal cell-derived factor 1 ligand, SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier), Superoxide dismutase, Survivin protein, Synapsin 3, Syndecan-1, Synuclein alpha, T cell surface glycoprotein CD28, tank-binding kinase (TBK), TATA box-binding protein-associated factor RNA polymerase I subunit B (TAF1B) gene, T-cell CD3 glycoprotein zeta chain, T-cell differentiation antigen CD6, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8, Tec protein tyrosine kinase, Tek tyrosine kinase receptor, telomerase, Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene, Tenascin, TGF beta 2 ligand, Thrombopoietin receptor, Thymidine kinase, Thymidine phosphorylase, Thymidylate synthase, Thymosin (such as alpha 1), Thyroid hormone receptor, Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, Tissue factor, TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand, TNFR1 associated death domain protein, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor, TNFSF11 gene, TNFSF9 gene, Toll-like receptor (TLR such as 1-13), topoisomerase (such as I, II, III), Transcription factor, Transferase, Transferrin, Transforming growth factor (TGF, such as beta) kinase, Transforming growth factor TGF-β receptor kinase, Transglutaminase, Translocation associated protein, Transmembrane glycoprotein NMB, Trop-2 calcium signal transducer, trophoblast glycoprotein (TPBG) gene, Trophoblast glycoprotein, Tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) receptor (such as TrkA, TrkB, TrkC), Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase, Tubulin, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, such as alpha, beta), Tumor necrosis factor 13C receptor, tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2), Tumor protein 53 (TP53) gene, Tumor suppressor candidate 2 (TUSC2) gene, Tyrosinase, Tyrosine hydroxylase, tyrosine kinase (TK), Tyrosine kinase receptor, Tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains (TIE) receptor, Tyrosine protein kinase ABL1 inhibitor, Ubiquitin, Ubiquitin carboxyl hydrolase isozyme L5, Ubiquitin thioesterase-14, Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I (UBE2I, UBC9), Urease, Urokinase plasminogen activator, Uteroglobin, Vanilloid VR1, Vascular cell adhesion protein 1, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA), VEGF-1 receptor, VEGF-2 receptor, VEGF-3 receptor, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, Vimentin, Vitamin D3 receptor, Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Yes, Wee-1 protein kinase, Wilms' tumor antigen 1, Wilms' tumor protein, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, Zinc finger protein transcription factor or any combination thereof.

Non-limiting examples of additional therapeutic agents may be categorized by their mechanism of action into, for example, the following groups:

-   -   anti-metabolites/anti-cancer agents, such as pyrimidine analogs         floxuridine, capecitabine, cytarabine, CPX-351 (liposomal         cytarabine, daunorubicin), and TAS-118;     -   purine analogs, folate antagonists (such as pralatrexate), and         related inhibitors;     -   antiproliferative/antimitotic agents including natural products,         such as vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine) and         microtubule disruptors such as taxane (paclitaxel, docetaxel),         vinblastin, nocodazole, epothilones, vinorelbine (NAVELBINE®),         and epipodophyllotoxins (etoposide, teniposide);     -   DNA damaging agents, such as actinomycin, amsacrine, busulfan,         carboplatin, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide         (CYTOXAN®), dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin,         iphosphamide, melphalan, merchlorethamine, mitomycin C,         mitoxantrone, nitrosourea, procarbazine, taxol, Taxotere,         teniposide, etoposide, and triethylenethiophosphoramide;     -   DNA-hypomethylating agents, such as guadecitabine (SGI-110),         ASTX727;     -   antibiotics such as dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin,         idarubicin, anthracyclines, mitoxantrone, bleomycins, plicamycin         (mithramycin);     -   enzymes such as L-asparaginase which systemically metabolizes         L-asparagine and deprives cells which do not have the capacity         to synthesize their own asparagine;     -   antiplatelet agents;     -   DNAi oligonucleotides targeting Bcl-2, such as PNT2258;     -   agents that activate or reactivate latent human immunodeficiency         virus (HIV), such as panobinostat and romidepsin;     -   asparaginase stimulators, such as crisantaspase (Erwinase®) and         GRASPA (ERY-001, ERY-ASP), calaspargase pegol;     -   pan-Trk, ROS1 and ALK inhibitors, such as entrectinib, TPX-0005;     -   anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors, such as alectinib,         ceritinib;     -   antiproliferative/antimitotic alkylating agents, such as         nitrogen mustard cyclophosphamide and analogs (melphalan,         chlorambucil, hexamethylmelamine, thiotepa), alkyl nitrosoureas         (carmustine) and analogs, streptozocin, and triazenes         (dacarbazine);     -   antiproliferative/antimitotic antimetabolites, such as folic         acid analogs (methotrexate);     -   platinum coordination complexes (cisplatin, oxiloplatinim, and         carboplatin), procarbazine, hydroxyurea, mitotane, and         aminoglutethimide;     -   hormones, hormone analogs (estrogen, tamoxifen, goserelin,         bicalutamide, and nilutamide), and aromatase inhibitors         (letrozole and anastrozole);     -   anticoagulants such as heparin, synthetic heparin salts, and         other inhibitors of thrombin;     -   fibrinolytic agents such as tissue plasminogen activator,         streptokinase, urokinase, aspirin, dipyridamole, ticlopidine,         and clopidogrel;     -   antimigratory agents;     -   antisecretory agents (breveldin);     -   immunosuppressives, such as tacrolimus, sirolimus, azathioprine,         and mycophenolate;     -   growth factor inhibitors, and vascular endothelial growth factor         inhibitors;     -   fibroblast growth factor inhibitors, such as FPA14;     -   anti-VEGFR antibodies, such as IMC-3C5, GNR-011, tanibirumab;     -   anti-VEGF/DDL4 antibodies, such as ABT-165;     -   anti-cadherins antibodies, such as HKT-288;     -   anti-CD70 antibodies, such as AMG-172; anti-leucine-rich repeat         containing 15 (LRRC15) antibodies, such as ABBV-085. ARGX-110;     -   angiotensin receptor blockers, nitric oxide donors;     -   antisense oligonucleotides, such as AEG35156, IONIS-KRAS-2.5Rx,         EZN-3042, RX-0201, IONIS-AR-2.5Rx, BP-100 (prexigebersen),         IONIS-STAT3-2.5Rx;     -   DNA interference oligonucleotides, such as PNT2258, AZD-9150;     -   anti-ANG-2 antibodies, such as MEDI3617, and LY3127804;     -   anti-ANG-1/ANG-2 antibodies, such as AMG-780;     -   anti-MET/EGFR antibodies, such as LY3164530;     -   anti-EGFR antibodies, such as ABT-414, AMG-595, necitumumab,         ABBV-221, depatuxizumab mafodotin (ABT-414), tomuzotuximab,         ABT-806, vectibix, modotuximab, RM-1929;     -   anti-CSF1R antibodies, such as emactuzumab, LY3022855, AMG-820,         FPA-008 (cabiralizumab);     -   anti-CD40 antibodies, such as RG7876, SEA-CD40, APX-005M,         ABBV-428;     -   anti-endoglin antibodies, such as TRC105 (carotuximab);     -   anti-CD45 antibodies, such as 131I-BC8 (lomab-B);     -   anti-HER3 antibodies, such as LJM716, GSK2849330;     -   anti-HER2 antibodies, such as margetuximab, MEDI4276, BAT-8001;     -   anti-HLA-DR antibodies, such as IMMU-114;     -   anti-IL-3 antibodies, such as JNJ-56022473;     -   anti-OX40 antibodies, such as MEDI6469, MEDI6383, MEDI0562         (tavolixizumab), MOXR0916, PF-04518600, RG-7888, GSK-3174998,         INCAGN1949, BMS-986178, GBR-8383, ABBV-368;     -   anti-EphA3 antibodies, such as KB-004;     -   anti-CD20 antibodies, such as obinutuzumab, IGN-002;     -   anti-CD20/CD3 antibodies, such as RG7828;     -   anti-CD37 antibodies, such as AGS67E, otlertuzumab (TRU-016);     -   anti-ENPP3 antibodies, such as AGS-16C₃F;     -   anti-FGFR-3 antibodies, such as LY3076226, B-701;     -   anti-FGFR-2 antibodies, such as GAL-F2;     -   anti-CS antibodies, such as ALXN-1210;     -   anti-CD27 antibodies, such as varlilumab (CDX-1127);     -   anti-TROP-2 antibodies, such as IMMU-132     -   anti-NKG2a antibodies, such as monalizumab;     -   anti-VISTA antibodies, such as HMBD-002;     -   anti-PVRIG antibodies, such as COM-701;     -   anti-EpCAM antibodies, such as VB4-845;     -   anti-BCMA antibodies, such as GSK-2857916     -   anti-CEA antibodies, such as RG-7813;     -   anti-cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) antibodies, such as         MGD015;     -   anti-folate receptor alpha antibodies, such as IMGN853;     -   MCL-1 inhibitors, such as AMG-176, S-64315, and AZD-5991,         483-LM, A-1210477, UMI-77, JKY-5-037;     -   epha2 inhibitors, such as MM-310;     -   anti LAG-3 antibodies, such as relatlimab (ONO-4482), LAG-525,         MK-4280, REGN-3767;     -   raf kinase/VEGFR inhibitors, such as RAF-265;     -   polycomb protein (EED) inhibitors, such as MAK683;     -   anti-fibroblast activation protein (FAP)/IL-2R antibodies, such         as RG7461;     -   anti-fibroblast activation protein (FAP)/TRAIL-R2 antibodies,         such as RG7386;     -   anti-fucosyl-GM1 antibodies, such as BMS-986012;     -   p38 MAP kinase inhibitors, such as ralimetinib;     -   PRMT1 inhibitors, such as MS203;     -   Sphingosine kinase 2 (SK2) inhibitors, such as opaganib;     -   FLT3-ITD inhibitors, such as BCI-332;     -   Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 stimulators, such as         omaveloxolone (RTA-408);     -   Tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors, such as LOXO-195,         ONO-7579;     -   anti-ICOS antibodies, such as JTX-2011, GSK3359609;     -   anti-DR5 (TRAIL2) antibodies, such as DS-8273;     -   anti-GD2 antibodies, such as APN-301;     -   anti-interleukin-17 (IL-17) antibodies, such as CJM-112;     -   anti-carbonic anhydrase IX antibodies, such as TX-250;     -   anti-CD38-attenukine, such as TAK573;     -   anti-Mucin 1 antibodies, such as gatipotuzumab;     -   Mucin 1 inhibitors, such as GO-203-2C;     -   MARCKS protein inhibitors, such as BIO-11006;     -   Folate antagonists, such as arfolitixorin;     -   Galectin-3 inhibitors, such as GR-MD-02;     -   Phosphorylated P68 inhibitors, such as RX-5902;     -   CD95/TNF modulators, such as ofranergene obadenovec;     -   PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors, such as ABTL-0812;     -   pan-PIM kinase inhibitors, such as INCB-053914;     -   IL-12 gene stimulators, such as EGEN-001, tavokinogene         telseplasmid;     -   Heat shock protein HSP90 inhibitors, such as TAS-116, PEN-866;     -   VEGF/HGF antagonists, such as MP-0250;     -   SYK tyrosine kinase/FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as         TAK-659;     -   SYK tyrosine kinase/JAK tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as         ASN-002;     -   FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, such as FF-10101;     -   FLT3 tyrosine kinase agonist, such as CDX-301;     -   FLT3/MEK1 inhibitors, such as E-6201;     -   IL-24 antagonist, such as AD-IL24;     -   RIG-I agonists, such as RGT-100;     -   Aerolysin stimulators, such as topsalysin;     -   P-Glycoprotein 1 inhibitors, such as HM-30181A;     -   CSF-1 antagonists, such as ARRY-382, BLZ-945;     -   anti-Mesothelin antibodies, such as SEL-403;     -   Thymidine kinase stimulators, such as aglatimagene besadenovec;     -   Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitors, such as PCM-075;     -   TLR-7 agonists, such as TMX-101 (imiquimod);     -   NEDD8 inhibitors, such as pevonedistat (MLN-4924), TAS-4464;     -   Pleiotropic pathway modulators, such as avadomide (CC-122);     -   FoxM1 inhibitors, such as thiostrepton;     -   Anti-MUC1 antibodies, such as Mab-AR-20.5;     -   anti-CD38 antibodies, such as isatuximab, MOR-202;     -   UBA1 inhibitors, such as TAK-243;     -   Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as VAL-201;     -   VDAC/HK inhibitors, such as VDA-1102;     -   BRAF/PI3K inhibitors, such as ASN-003;     -   Elf4a inhibitors, such as rohinitib, eFT226;     -   TP53 gene stimulators, such as ad-p53;     -   PD-L1/EGFR inhibitors, such as GNS-1480;     -   Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) inhibitors, such as SY-1425;     -   SIRT3 inhibitors, such as YC8-02;     -   Stromal cell-derived factor 1 ligand inhibitors, such as         olaptesed pegol (NOX-A12);     -   IL-4 receptor modulators, such as MDNA-55;     -   Arginase-I stimulators, such as pegzilarginase;     -   Topoisomerase I inhibitor/hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha         inhibitors, such as PEG-SN38 (firtecan pegol);     -   Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha inhibitors, such as PT-2977,         PT-2385;     -   CD122 agonists such as NKTR-214;     -   p53 tumor suppressor protein stimulators such as kevetrin;     -   Mdm4/Mdm2 p53-binding protein inhibitors, such as ALRN-6924;     -   kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitors, such as filanesib         (ARRY-520);     -   CD80-fc fusion protein inhibitors, such as FPT-155;     -   Menin and mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) inhibitors such as         KO-539;     -   Liver x receptor agonists, such as RGX-104;     -   IL-10 agonists, such as AM-0010;     -   EGFR/ErbB-2 inhibitors, such as varlitinib;     -   VEGFR/PDGFR inhibitors, such as vorolanib;     -   IRAK4 inhibitors, such as CA-4948;     -   anti-TLR-2 antibodies, such as OPN-305;     -   Calmodulin modulators, such as CBP-501;     -   Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, such as relacorilant         (CORT-125134);     -   Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) protein         inhibitors, such as BI-891065;     -   Lactoferrin modulators, such as LTX-315;     -   Kit tyrosine kinase/PDGF receptor alpha antagonists such as         DCC-2618;     -   KIT inhibitors, such as PLX-9486;     -   Exportin 1 inhibitors, such as eltanexor;     -   EGFR/ErbB2/Ephb4 inhibitors, such as tesevatinib;     -   anti-CD33 antibodies, such as IMGN-779;     -   anti-KMA antibodies, such as MDX-1097;     -   anti-TIM-3 antibodies, such as TSR-022, LY-3321367, MBG-453;     -   anti-CD55 antibodies, such as PAT-SC1;     -   anti-PSMA antibodies, such as ATL-101;     -   anti-CD100 antibodies, such as VX-15;     -   anti-EPHA3 antibodies, such as fibatuzumab;     -   anti-Erbb antibodies, such as CDX-3379, HLX-02, seribantumab;     -   anti-APRIL antibodies, such as BION-1301;     -   Anti-Tigit antidbodies, such as BMS-986207, RG-6058;     -   CHST15 gene inhibitors, such as STNM-01;     -   RAS inhibitors, such as NEO-100;     -   Somatostatin receptor antagonist, such as OPS-201;     -   CEBPA gene stimulators, such as MTL-501;     -   DKK3 gene modulators, such as MTG-201;     -   p70s6k inhibitors, such as MSC2363318A;     -   methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) inhibitors, such as M8891,         APL-1202;     -   arginine N-methyltransferase 5 inhibitors, such as GSK-3326595;     -   anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) antibodies,         such as nivolumab (OPDIVO®, BMS-936558, MDX-1106), pembrolizumab         (KEYTRUDA®, MK-3477, SCH-900475, lambrolizumab, CAS Reg. No.         1374853-91-4), pidilizumab, PF-06801591, BGB-A317, GLS-010         (WBP-3055), AK-103 (HX-008), MGA-012, BI-754091, REGN-2810         (cemiplimab), AGEN-2034, JS-001, JNJ-63723283, genolimzumab         (CBT-501), LZM-009, BCD-100, LY-3300054, SHR-1201, BAT-1306, and         anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) antibodies such as         BMS-936559, atezolizumab (MPDL3280A), durvalumab (MEDI4736),         avelumab, CK-301, (MSB0010718C), MEDI0680, CX-072, CBT-502,         PDR-001 (spartalizumab), TSR-042 (dostarlimab), JTX-4014,         BGB-A333, SHR-1316, CS-1001 (WBP-3155, KN-035, IBI-308, FAZ-053,         and MDX1105-01;     -   PD-L1/VISTA antagonists such as CA-170;     -   anti-PD-L1/TGFβ antibodies, such as M7824;     -   anti-transferrin antibodies, such as CX-2029;     -   anti-IL-8 (Interleukin-8) antibodies, such as HuMax-Inflam;     -   ATM (ataxia telangiectasia) inhibitors, such as AZD0156;     -   CHK1 inhibitors, such as GDC-0575, LY2606368 (prexasertib),         SRA737, RG7741

(CHK1/2);

-   -   CXCR4 antagonists, such as BL-8040, LY2510924, burixafor         (TG-0054), X4P-002, X4P-001-IO;     -   EXH2 inhibitors, such as GSK2816126;     -   HER2 inhibitors, such as neratinib, tucatinib (ONT-380);     -   KDM1 inhibitors, such as ORY-1001, IMG-7289, NCB-59872,         GSK-2879552;     -   CXCR2 antagonists, such as AZD-5069;     -   GM-CSF antibodies, such as lenzilumab;     -   DNA dependent protein kinase inhibitors, such as MSC2490484A         (nedisertib), VX-984, AsiDNA (DT-01);     -   protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, such as LXS-196,         sotrastaurin;     -   Selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERD), such as         fulvestrant (Faslodex®), RG6046, RG6047, elacestrant (RAD-1901)         and AZD9496;     -   Selective estrogen receptor covalent antagonists (SERCAs), such         as H3B-6545;     -   selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), such as GTX-024,         darolutamide;     -   transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) kinase antagonists,         such as galunisertib;     -   anti-transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) antibodies, such         as LY3022859, NIS793, XOMA 089;     -   bispecific antibodies, such as MM-141 (IGF-1/ErbB3), MM-111         (Erb2/Erb3), JNJ-64052781 (CD19/CD3), PRS-343 (CD-137/HER2),         AFM26 (BCMA/CD16A), JNJ-61186372 (EGFR/cMET), AMG-211 (CEA/CD3),         RG7802 (CEA/CD3), ERY-974 (CD3/GPC3) vancizumab         (angiopoietins/VEGF), PF-06671008 (Cadherins/CD3), AFM-13         (CD16/CD30), APV0436 (CD123/CD3), flotetuzumab (CD123/CD3),         REGN-1979 (CD20/CD3), MCLA-117 (CD3/CLEC12A), MCLA-128         (HER2/HER3), JNJ-0819, JNJ-7564 (CD3/heme), AMG-757 (DLL3-CD3),         MGD-013 (PD-1/LAG-3), AK-104 (CTLA-4/PD-1), AMG-330 (CD33/CD3),         AMG-420 (BCMA/CD3), BI-836880 (VEFG/ANG2), JNJ-63709178         (CD123/CD3), MGD-007 (CD3/gpA33), MGD-009 (CD3/B7H3);     -   Mutant selective EGFR inhibitors, such as PF-06747775, EGF816         (nazartinib), ASP8273, ACEA-0010, BI-1482694;     -   Anti-GITR (glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor         receptor-related protein) antibodies, such as MEDI1873, FPA-154,         INCAGN-1876, TRX-518, BMS-986156, MK-1248, GWN-323;     -   anti-delta-like protein ligand 3 (DDL3) antibodies, such as         rovalpituzumab tesirine;     -   anti-clusterin antibodies, such as AB-16B5;     -   anti-Ephrin-A4 (EFNA4) antibodies, such as PF-06647263;     -   anti-RANKL antibodies, such as denosumab;     -   anti-mesothelin antibodies, such as BMS-986148, Anti-MSLN-MMAE;     -   anti-sodium phosphate cotransporter 2B (NaP2B) antibodies, such         as lifastuzumab     -   anti-c-Met antibodies, such as ABBV-399;     -   Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, such as CPI-444, AZD-4635,         preladenant, PBF-509;     -   Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH) inhibitors, such as         CPI-613;     -   XPO1 inhibitors, such as selinexor (KPT-330);     -   Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) inhibitors, such as enasidenib         (AG-221);     -   IDH1 inhibitors such as AG-120, and AG-881 (IDH1 and IDH2),         IDH-305, BAY-1436032;     -   interleukin-3 receptor (IL-3R) modulators, such as SL-401;     -   Arginine deiminase stimulators, such as pegargiminase         (ADI-PEG-20);     -   antibody-drug conjugates, such as MLN0264 (anti-GCC, guanylyl         cyclase C), T-DM1 (trastuzumab emtansine, Kadcycla),         milatuzumab-doxorubicin (hCD74-DOX), brentuximab vedotin,         DCDT2980S, polatuzumab vedotin, SGN-CD70A, SGN-CD19A, inotuzumab         ozogamicin, lorvotuzumab mertansine, SAR3419, isactuzumab         govitecan, enfortumab vedotin (ASG-22ME), ASG-15ME, DS-8201         ((trastuzumab deruxtecan), 225Ac-lintuzumab, U3-1402,         177Lu-tetraxetan-tetuloma, tisotumab vedotin, anetumab         ravtansine, CX-2009,

SAR-566658, W-0101, polatuzumab vedotin, ABBV-085;

-   -   claudin-18 inhibitors, such as claudiximab;     -   β-catenin inhibitors, such as CWP-291;     -   anti-CD73 antibodies, such as MEDI-9447 (oleclumab), CPX-006,         IPH-53, BMS-986179;     -   CD73 antagonists, such as AB-680, PSB-12379, PSB-12441,         PSB-12425;     -   CD39/CD73 antagonists, such as PBF-1662;     -   chemokine receptor 2 (CCR) inhibitors, such as PF-04136309,         CCX-872, BMS-813160 (CCR2/CCR5)     -   thymidylate synthase inhibitors, such as ONX-0801;     -   ALK/ROS1 inhibitors, such as lorlatinib;     -   tankyrase inhibitors, such as G007-LK;     -   Mdm2 p53-binding protein inhibitors, such as CMG-097, HDM-201;     -   c-PIM inhibitors, such as PIM447;     -   BRAF inhibitors, such as dabrafenib, vemurafenib, encorafenib         (LGX818), PLX8394;     -   sphingosine kinase-2 (SK2) inhibitors, such as Yeliva®         (ABC294640);     -   cell cycle inhibitors, such as selumetinib (MEK1/2), and         sapacitabine;     -   AKT inhibitors such as MK-2206, ipatasertib, afuresertib,         AZD5363, and ARQ-092, capivasertib, triciribine;     -   anti-CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein-4) inhibitors, such         as tremelimumab, AGEN-1884, BMS-986218;     -   c-MET inhibitors, such as AMG-337, savolitinib, tivantinib         (ARQ-197), capmatinib, and tepotinib, ABT-700, AG213, AMG-208,         JNJ-38877618 (OMO-1), merestinib, HQP-8361;     -   c-Met/VEGFR inhibitors, such as BMS-817378, TAS-115;     -   c-Met/RON inhibitors, such as BMS-777607;     -   BRAF/EGFR inhibitors, such as BGB-283;     -   bcr/abl inhibitors, such as rebastinib, asciminib;     -   MNK1/MNK2 inhibitors, such as eFT-508;     -   mTOR inhibitor/cytochrome P450 3A4 stimulators, such as TYME-88     -   lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) inhibitors, such as         CC-90011;     -   Pan-RAF inhibitors, such as LY3009120, LXH254, TAK-580;     -   Raf/MEK inhibitors, such as RG7304;     -   CSF1R/KIT and FLT3 inhibitors, such as pexidartinib (PLX3397);     -   kinase inhibitors, such as vandetanib;     -   E selectin antagonists, such as GMI-1271;     -   differentiation inducers, such as tretinoin;     -   epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, such as         osimertinib (AZD-9291);     -   topoisomerase inhibitors, such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin,         dactinomycin, eniposide, epirubicin, etoposide, idarubicin,         irinotecan, mitoxantrone, pixantrone, sobuzoxane, topotecan,         irinotecan, MM-398 (liposomal irinotecan), vosaroxin and         GPX-150, aldoxorubicin, AR-67, mavelertinib, AST-2818, avitinib         (ACEA-0010), irofulven (MGI-114);     -   corticosteroids, such as cortisone, dexamethasone,         hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone;     -   growth factor signal transduction kinase inhibitors;     -   nucleoside analogs, such as DFP-10917;     -   Axl inhibitors, such as BGB-324 (bemcentinib), SLC-0211;     -   BET inhibitors, such as INCB-054329, INCB057643, TEN-010,         AZD-5153, ABT-767, BMS-986158, CC-90010, GSK525762 (molibresib),         NHWD-870, ODM-207, GSK-2820151, GSK-1210151A, ZBC246, ZBC260,         ZEN3694, FT-1101, RG-6146, CC-90010, mivebresib, BI-894999,         PLX-2853, PLX-51107, CPI-0610, GS-5829;     -   PARP inhibitors, such as olaparib, rucaparib, veliparib,         talazoparib, ABT-767, BGB-290;     -   Proteasome inhibitors, such as ixazomib, carfilzomib         (Kyprolis®), marizomib;     -   Glutaminase inhibitors, such as CB-839;     -   Vaccines, such as peptide vaccine TG-01 (RAS), GALE-301,         GALE-302, nelipepimut-s, SurVaxM, DSP-7888, TPIV-200, PVX-410,         VXL-100, DPX-E7, ISA-101, 6MHP, OSE-2101, galinpepimut-S,         SVN53-67/M57-KLH, IMU-131; bacterial vector vaccines such as         CRS-207/GVAX, axalimogene filolisbac (ADXS11-001); adenovirus         vector vaccines such as nadofaragene firadenovec; autologous         Gp96 vaccine; dendritic cells vaccines, such as CVactm,         stapuldencel-T, eltrapuldencel-T, SL-701, BSK01TM,         rocapuldencel-T (AGS-003), DCVAC, CVac™, stapuldencel-T,         eltrapuldencel-T, SL-701, BSK01™, ADXS31-142; oncolytic vaccines         such as, talimogene laherparepvec, pexastimogene devacirepvec,         GL-ONC1, MG1-MA3, parvovirus H-1, ProstAtak, enadenotucirev,         MG1MA3, ASN-002 (TG-1042); therapeutic vaccines, such as         CVAC-301, CMP-001, PF-06753512, VBI-1901, TG-4010, ProscaVax™;         tumor cell vaccines, such as Vigil® (IND-14205), Oncoquest-L         vaccine; live attenuated, recombinant, serotype 1 poliovirus         vaccine, such as PVS-RIPO; Adagloxad simolenin; MEDI-0457;         DPV-001 a tumor-derived, autophagosome enriched cancer vaccine;         RNA vaccines such as CV-9209, LV-305; DNA vaccines, such as         MEDI-0457, MVI-816, INO-5401; modified vaccinia virus Ankara         vaccine expressing p53, such as MVA-p53; DPX-Survivac;         BriaVaxTM; GI-6301; GI-6207; GI-4000;     -   anti-DLL4 (delta like ligand 4) antibodies, such as demcizumab;     -   STAT-3 inhibitors, such as napabucasin (BBI-608);     -   ATPase p97 inhibitors, such as CB-5083;     -   smoothened (SMO) receptor inhibitors, such as Odomzo®         (sonidegib, formerly LDE-225), LEQ506, vismodegib (GDC-0449),         BMS-833923, glasdegib (PF-04449913), LY2940680, and         itraconazole;     -   interferon alpha ligand modulators, such as interferon alpha-2b,         interferon alpha-2a biosimilar (Biogenomics), ropeginterferon         alfa-2b (AOP-2014, P-1101, PEG IFN alpha-2b), Multiferon         (Alfanative, Viragen), interferon alpha 1b, Roferon-A (Canferon,         Ro-25-3036), interferon alfa-2a follow-on biologic         (Biosidus)(Inmutag, Inter 2A), interferon alfa-2b follow-on         biologic (Biosidus—Bioferon, Citopheron, Ganapar, Beijing Kawin         Technology —Kaferon), Alfaferone, pegylated interferon alpha-1b,         peginterferon alfa-2b follow-on biologic (Amega), recombinant         human interferon alpha-1b, recombinant human interferon         alpha-2a, recombinant human interferon alpha-2b, veltuzumab-IFN         alpha 2b conjugate, Dynavax (SD-101), and interferon alfa-n1         (Humoferon, SM-10500, Sumiferon);     -   interferon gamma ligand modulators, such as interferon gamma         (OH-6000, Ogamma 100);     -   IL-6 receptor modulators, such as tocilizumab, siltuximab,         AS-101 (CB-06-02, IVX-Q-101);     -   Telomerase modulators, such as, tertomotide (GV-1001, HR-2802,         Riavax) and imetelstat (GRN-163, JNJ-63935937);     -   DNA methyltransferases inhibitors, such as temozolomide         (CCRG-81045), decitabine, guadecitabine (S-110, SGI-110),         KRX-0402, RX-3117, RRx-001, and azacitidine;     -   DNA gyrase inhibitors, such as pixantrone and sobuzoxane;     -   Bcl-2 family protein inhibitors, such as ABT-263, venetoclax         (ABT-199), ABT-737, and AT-101;     -   Notch inhibitors, such as LY3039478 (crenigacestat), tarextumab         (anti-Notch2/3), BMS-906024;     -   anti-myostatin inhibitors, such as landogrozumab;     -   hyaluronidase stimulators, such as PEGPH-20;     -   Wnt pathway inhibitors, such as SM-04755, PRI-724, WNT-974;     -   gamma-secretase inhibitors, such as PF-03084014, MK-0752,         RO-4929097;     -   Grb-2 (growth factor receptor bound protein-2) inhibitors, such         as BP1001;     -   TRAIL pathway-inducing compounds, such as ONC201, ABBV-621;     -   Focal adhesion kinase inhibitors, such as VS-4718, defactinib,         GSK2256098;     -   hedgehog inhibitors, such as saridegib, sonidegib (LDE225),         glasdegib and vismodegib;     -   Aurora kinase inhibitors, such as alisertib (MLN-8237), and         AZD-2811, AMG-900, barasertib, ENMD-2076;     -   HSPB1 modulators (heat shock protein 27, HSP27), such as         brivudine, apatorsen;     -   ATR inhibitors, such as BAY-937, AZD6738, AZD6783, VX-803,         VX-970 (berzosertib) and VX-970;     -   mTOR inhibitors, such as sapanisertib and vistusertib (AZD2014),         ME-344;     -   mTOR/PI3K inhibitors, such as gedatolisib, GSK2141795,         omipalisib, RG6114;     -   Hsp90 inhibitors, such as AUY922, onalespib (AT13387), SNX-2112,         SNX5422;     -   Murine double minute (mdm2) oncogene inhibitors, such as         DS-3032b, RG7775, AMG-232, HDM201, and idasanutlin (RG7388);     -   CD137 agonists, such as urelumab, utomilumab (PF-05082566);     -   STING agonists, such as ADU-S100 (MIW-815), SB-11285, MK-1454,         SR-8291, AdVCA0848, GSK-532, SYN-STING, MSA-1, SR-8291;     -   FGFR inhibitors, such as FGF-401, NCB-054828, BAY-1163877,         AZD4547, JNJ-42756493, LY2874455, Debio-1347;     -   fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitors, such as TVB-2640;     -   Anti-KIR monoclonal antibodies, such as lirilumab (IPH-2102),         IPH-4102;     -   Antigen CD19 inhibitors, such as MOR208, MEDI-551, AFM-11,         inebilizumab;     -   CD44 binders, such as A6;     -   protein phosphatease 2A (PP2A) inhibitors, such as LB-100;     -   CYP17 inhibitors, such as seviteronel (VT-464), ASN-001,         ODM-204, CFG920, abiraterone acetate;     -   RXR agonists, such as IRX4204;     -   hedgehog/smoothened (hh/Smo) antagonists, such as taladegib,         patidegib;     -   complement C₃ modulators, such as Imprime PGG;     -   IL-15 agonists, such as ALT-803, NKTR-255, and hetlL-15;     -   EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) inhibitors, such as         tazemetostat, CPI-1205, GSK-2816126;     -   Oncolytic viruses, such as pelareorep, CG-0070, MV-NIS therapy,         HSV-1716, DS-1647, VCN-01, ONCOS-102, TBI-1401, tasadenoturev         (DNX-2401), vocimagene amiretrorepvec, RP-1, CVA21, Celyvir,         LOAd-703, OBP-301;     -   DOT1L (histone methyltransferase) inhibitors, such as         pinometostat (EPZ-5676);     -   toxins such as Cholera toxin, ricin, Pseudomonas exotoxin,         Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin, diphtheria toxin,         and caspase activators;     -   DNA plasmids, such as BC-819     -   PLK inhibitors of PLK 1, 2, and 3, such as volasertib (PLK1);     -   WEE1 inhibitors, such as AZD1775 (adavosertib);     -   Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitors, such as AT13148, KD025;     -   ERK inhibitors, such as GDC-0994, LY3214996, MK-8353;     -   IAP inhibitors, such as ASTX660, debio-1143, birinapant,         APG-1387, LCL-161;     -   RNA polymerase inhibitors, such has lurbinectedin (PM-1183),         CX-5461;     -   Tubulin inhibitors, such as PM-184, BAL-101553 (lisavanbulin),         and OXI-4503, fluorapacin (AC-0001), plinabulin;     -   Toll-like receptor 4 (TL4) agonists, such as G100, GSK1795091,         and PEPA-10;     -   Elongation factor 1 alpha 2 inhibitors, such as plitidepsin;     -   CD95 inhibitors, such as APG-101, APO-010, asunercept;     -   WT1 inhibitors, such as DSP-7888;     -   splicing factor 3B subunit1 (SF3B1) inhibitors, such as H3B-8800     -   PDGFR alpha/KIT mutant-specific inhibitors such as BLU-285;     -   SHP-2 inhibitors, such as TNO155 (SHP-099), RMC-4550; and     -   retinoid Z receptor gamma (RORγ) agonists, such as LYC-55716.

In some embodiments, a method of treating or preventing a hyperproliferative disorder or cancer in a human or animal having or at risk of having the hyperproliferative disorder or cancer comprises administering to the human or animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, as disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, one or two, or one to three) additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) inhibitors; Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors; cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) inhibitors; cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors; discoidin domain receptor (DDR) inhibitors; histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors; indoleamine-pyrrole-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) inhibitors; Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors; lysyl oxidase-like protein (LOXL) inhibitors; matrix metalloprotease (MMP) inhibitors; mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitors; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors; spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitors; toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) inhibitors; toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) inhibitors; tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and any combination thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Non-limiting examples include:

-   -   Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase (ASK) Inhibitors: ASK         inhibitors include ASK1 inhibitors. Examples of ASK1 inhibitors         include, but are not limited to, those described in WO         2011/008709 (Gilead Sciences) and WO 2013/112741 (Gilead         Sciences);     -   Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Inhibitors: Examples of BTK         inhibitors include, but are not limited to,         (S)-6-amino-9-(1-(but-2-ynoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-7H-purin-8(9H)-one,         acalabrutinib (ACP-196), BGB-3111, CB988, HM71224, ibrutinib,         M-2951 (evobrutinib), M7583, tirabrutinib (ONO-4059), PRN-1008,         spebrutinib (CC-292), TAK-020, vecabrutinib, ARQ-531, SHR-1459,         DTRMWXHS-12, TAS-5315;     -   Cluster of Differentiation 47 (CD47) inhibitors: Examples of         CD47 inhibitors include, but are not limited to anti-CD47 mAbs         (Vx-1004), anti-human CD47 mAbs (CNTO-7108), CC-90002,         CC-90002-ST-001, humanized anti-CD47 antibody (Hu5F9-G4),         NI-1701, NI-1801, RCT-1938, and TTI-621;     -   Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CDK) Inhibitors: CDK inhibitors include         inhibitors of CDK 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 9, such as abemaciclib,         alvocidib (HMR-1275, flavopiridol), AT-7519, dinaciclib,         ibrance, FLX-925, LEE001, palbociclib, ribociclib, rigosertib,         selinexor, UCN-01, SY1365, CT-7001, SY-1365, G1T38, milciclib,         trilaciclib, and TG-02;     -   Discoidin Domain Receptor (DDR) Inhibitors: DDR inhibitors         include inhibitors of DDR1 and/or DDR2. Examples of DDR         inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in         WO 2014/047624 (Gilead Sciences), US 2009-0142345 (Takeda         Pharmaceutical), US 2011-0287011 (Oncomed Pharmaceuticals), WO         2013/027802 (Chugai Pharmaceutical), and WO 2013/034933         (Imperial Innovations);     -   Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors: Examples of HDAC         inhibitors include, but are not limited to, abexinostat,         ACY-241, AR-42, BEBT-908, belinostat, CKD-581, CS-055         (HBI-8000), CUDC-907 (fimepinostat), entinostat, givinostat,         mocetinostat, panobinostat, pracinostat, quisinostat         (JNJ-26481585), resminostat, ricolinostat, SHP-141, valproic         acid (VAL-001), vorinostat, tinostamustine, remetinostat,         entinostat;     -   Indoleamine-pyrrole-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) inhibitors: Examples         of IDO1 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, BLV-0801,         epacadostat, F-001287, GBV-1012, GBV-1028, GDC-0919, indoximod,         NKTR-218, NLG-919-based vaccine, PF-06840003,         pyranonaphthoquinone derivatives (SN-35837), resminostat,         SBLK-200802, BMS-986205, and shIDO-ST, EOS-200271, KHK-2455,         LY-3381916;     -   Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors: JAK inhibitors inhibit JAK1,         JAK2, and/or JAK3. Examples of JAK inhibitors include, but are         not limited to, AT9283, AZD1480, baricitinib, BMS-911543,         fedratinib, filgotinib (GLPG0634), gandotinib (LY2784544),         INCB039110 (itacitinib), lestaurtinib, momelotinib (CYT0387),         NS-018, pacritinib (SB1518), peficitinib (ASP015K), ruxolitinib,         tofacitinib (formerly tasocitinib), INCB052793, and XL019;     -   Lysyl Oxidase-Like Protein (LOXL) Inhibitors: LOXL inhibitors         include inhibitors of LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, LOXL4, and/or LOXL5.         Examples of LOXL inhibitors include, but are not limited to, the         antibodies described in WO 2009/017833 (Arresto Biosciences).         Examples of LOXL2 inhibitors include, but are not limited to,         the antibodies described in WO 2009/017833 (Arresto         Biosciences), WO 2009/035791 (Arresto Biosciences), and WO         2011/097513 (Gilead Biologics);     -   Matrix Metalloprotease (MMP) Inhibitors: MMP inhibitors include         inhibitors of MMP1 through 10. Examples of MMP9 inhibitors         include, but are not limited to, marimastat (BB-2516),         cipemastat (Ro 32-3555), GS-5745 (andecaliximab) and those         described in WO 2012/027721 (Gilead Biologics);     -   Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MEK) Inhibitors: MEK         inhibitors include antroquinonol, binimetinib, cobimetinib         (GDC-0973, XL-518), MT-144, selumetinib (AZD6244), sorafenib,         trametinib (GSK1120212), uprosertib+trametinib, PD-0325901,         pimasertib, LTT462, AS703988, CC-90003, refametinib;     -   Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) Inhibitors: PI3K inhibitors         include inhibitors of PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ, PI3Kα, and/or         pan-PI3K. Examples of PI3K inhibitors include, but are not         limited to, ACP-319, AEZA-129, AMG-319, AS252424, AZD8186, BAY         10824391, BEZ235, buparlisib (BKM120), BYL719 (alpelisib),         CH5132799, copanlisib (BAY 80-6946), duvelisib, GDC-0032,         GDC-0077, GDC-0941, GDC-0980, GSK2636771, GSK2269557, idelalisib         (Zydelig®), INCB50465, IPI-145, IPI-443, IPI-549, KAR4141,         LY294002, LY3023414, MLN1117, OXY111A, PA799, PX-866, RG7604,         rigosertib, RP5090, RP6530, SRX3177, taselisib, TG100115,         TGR-1202 (umbralisib), TGX221, WX-037, X-339, X-414, XL147         (SAR245408), XL499, XL756, wortmannin, ZSTK474, and the         compounds described in WO 2005/113556 (ICOS), WO 2013/052699         (Gilead Calistoga), WO 2013/116562 (Gilead Calistoga), WO         2014/100765 (Gilead Calistoga), WO 2014/100767 (Gilead         Calistoga), and WO 2014/201409 (Gilead Sciences);     -   Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) Inhibitors: Examples of SYK         inhibitors include, but are not limited to,         6-(1H-indazol-6-yl)-N-(4-morpholinophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-8-amine,         BAY-61-3606, cerdulatinib (PRT-062607), entospletinib,         fostamatinib (R788), HMPL-523, NVP-QAB 205 AA, R112, R343,         tamatinib (R406), and those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,450,321         (Gilead Connecticut) and those described in U.S. 2015/0175616;     -   Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) inhibitors: Examples of TLR8         inhibitors include, but are not limited to, E-6887, IMO-4200,         IMO-8400, IMO-9200, MCT-465, MEDI-9197, motolimod, resiquimod,         VTX-1463, and VTX-763;     -   Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) inhibitors: Examples of TLR9         inhibitors include, but are not limited to, AST-008, IMO-2055,         IMO-2125, lefitolimod, litenimod, MGN-1601, and PUL-042; and     -   Tyrosine-kinase Inhibitors (TKIs): TKIs may target epidermal         growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and receptors for fibroblast         growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and         vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Examples of TKIs         include, but are not limited to, afatinib, ARQ-087         (derazantinib), asp5878, AZD3759, AZD4547, bosutinib,         brigatinib, cabozantinib, cediranib, crenolanib, dacomitinib,         dasatinib, dovitinib, E-6201, erdafitinib, erlotinib, gefitinib,         gilteritinib (ASP-2215), FP-1039, HM61713, icotinib, imatinib,         KX2-391 (Src), lapatinib, lestaurtinib, lenvatinib, midostaurin,         nintedanib, ODM-203, osimertinib (AZD-9291), ponatinib,         poziotinib, quizartinib, radotinib, rociletinib, sulfatinib         (HMPL-012), sunitinib, tivoanib, and TH-4000, MEDI-575         (anti-PDGFR antibody).

As used herein, the term “chemotherapeutic agent” or “chemotherapeutic” (or “chemotherapy” in the case of treatment with a chemotherapeutic agent) is meant to encompass any non-proteinaceous (i.e., non-peptidic) chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to: alkylating agents such as thiotepa and cyclophosphamide (CYTOXAN′); alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan, and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodepa, carboquone, meturedepa, and uredepa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, triethylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphoramide, and trimemylolomelamine; acetogenins, especially bullatacin and bullatacinone; a camptothecin, including synthetic analog topotecan; bryostatin, callystatin; CC-1065, including its adozelesin, carzelesin, and bizelesin synthetic analogs; cryptophycins, particularly cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8; dolastatin; duocarmycin, including the synthetic analogs KW-2189 and CBI-TMI; eleutherobin; 5-azacytidine; pancratistatin; a sarcodictyin; spongistatin; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cyclophosphamide, glufosfamide, evofosfamide, bendamustine, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, and uracil mustard; nitrosoureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, foremustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimustine; antibiotics such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.g., calicheamicin, especially calicheamicin gammaII and calicheamicin phiI1), dynemicin including dynemicin A, bisphosphonates such as clodronate, an esperamicin, neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antibiotic chromomophores, aclacinomycins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, carrninomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycins, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin (including morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin, and deoxydoxorubicin), epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, porfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, and zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogs such as demopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, and trimetrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, and thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, and floxuridine; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, and testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, and trilostane; folic acid replinishers such as frolinic acid; radiotherapeutic agents such as Radium-223; trichothecenes, especially T-2 toxin, verracurin A, roridin A, and anguidine; taxoids such as paclitaxel (TAXOL®), abraxane, docetaxel (TAXOTERE®), cabazitaxel, BIND-014, tesetaxel; platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin, NC-6004 nanoplatin; aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; eniluracil; amsacrine; hestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elformthine; elliptinium acetate; an epothilone; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; leucovorin; lonidamine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidamol; nitracrine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin; losoxantrone; fluoropyrimidine; folinic acid; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; polysaccharide-K (PSK); razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofiran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; trabectedin, triaziquone; 2,2′,2″-tricUorotriemylamine; urethane; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside (“Ara-C”); cyclophosphamide; thiopeta; chlorambucil; gemcitabine) (GEMZAR®); 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitroxantrone; vancristine; vinorelbine (NAVELBINE®); novantrone; teniposide; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminopterin; xeoloda; ibandronate; CPT-11; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylornithine (DFMO); retinoids such as retinoic acid; capecitabine; NUC-1031; FOLFIRI (fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan); and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids, or derivatives of any of the above.

Also included in the definition of “chemotherapeutic agent” are anti-hormonal agents such as anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), inhibitors of the enzyme aromatase, anti-androgens, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors.

Anti-Hormonal Agents

Examples of anti-estrogens and SERMs include, for example, tamoxifen (including NOLVADEX™), raloxifene, droloxifene, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene, LY117018, onapristone, and toremifene (FARESTON®).

Inhibitors of the enzyme aromatase regulate estrogen production in the adrenal glands. Examples include 4(5)-imidazoles, aminoglutethimide, megestrol acetate (MEGACE®), exemestane, formestane, fadrozole, vorozole (RIVISOR®), letrozole (FEMARA®), and anastrozole (ARIMIDEX®).

Examples of anti-androgens include apalutamide, abiraterone, enzalutamide, flutamide, galeterone, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, goserelin, ODM-201, APC-100, ODM-204.

Examples of progesterone receptor antagonist include onapristone.

Anti-Angiogenic Agents

Anti-angiogenic agents include, but are not limited to, retinoid acid and derivatives thereof, 2-methoxyestradiol, ANGIOSTATN®, ENDOSTATIN®, regorafenib, necuparanib, suramin, squalamine, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, cartilage-derived inhibitor, paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel), platelet factor 4, protamine sulphate (clupeine), sulphated chitin derivatives (prepared from queen crab shells), sulphated polysaccharide peptidoglycan complex (sp-pg), staurosporine, modulators of matrix metabolism including proline analogs such as 1-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (LACA), cishydroxyproline, d,I-3,4-dehydroproline, thiaproline, α,α′-dipyridyl, beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate, 4-propyl-5-(4-pyridinyl)-2(3h)-oxazolone, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, heparin, interferons, 2 macroglobulin-serum, chicken inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (ChIMP-3), chymostatin, beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate, eponemycin, fumagillin, gold sodium thiomalate, d-penicillamine, beta-1-anticollagenase-serum, alpha-2-antiplasmin, bisantrene, lobenzarit disodium, n-2-carboxyphenyl-4-chloroanthronilic acid disodium or “CCA”, thalidomide, angiostatic steroid, carboxy aminoimidazole, metalloproteinase inhibitors such as BB-94, inhibitors of S100A9 such as tasquinimod. Other anti-angiogenesis agents include antibodies, preferably monoclonal antibodies against these angiogenic growth factors: beta-FGF, alpha-FGF, FGF-5, VEGF isoforms, VEGF-C, HGF/SF, and Ang-1/Ang-2.

Anti-Fibrotic Agents

Anti-fibrotic agents include, but are not limited to, the compounds such as beta-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN), as well as the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,288 relating to inhibitors of lysyl oxidase and their use in the treatment of diseases and conditions associated with the abnormal deposition of collagen and U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,854 relating to compounds which inhibit LOX for the treatment of various pathological fibrotic states, which are herein incorporated by reference. Further exemplary inhibitors are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,593 relating to compounds such as 2-isobutyl-3-fluoro-, chloro-, or bromo-allylamine, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,021,456, 5,059,714, 5,120,764, 5,182,297, 5,252,608 relating to 2-(1-naphthyloxymemyl)-3-fluoroallylamine, and US 2004-0248871, which are herein incorporated by reference.

Exemplary anti-fibrotic agents also include the primary amines reacting with the carbonyl group of the active site of the lysyl oxidases, and more particularly those which produce, after binding with the carbonyl, a product stabilized by resonance, such as the following primary amines: emylenemamine, hydrazine, phenylhydrazine, and their derivatives; semicarbazide and urea derivatives; aminonitriles such as BAPN or 2-nitroethylamine; unsaturated or saturated haloamines such as 2-bromo-ethylamine, 2-chloroethylamine, 2-trifluoroethylamine, 3-bromopropylamine, and p-halobenzylamines; and selenohomocysteine lactone.

Other anti-fibrotic agents are copper chelating agents penetrating or not penetrating the cells. Exemplary compounds include indirect inhibitors which block the aldehyde derivatives originating from the oxidative deamination of the lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues by the lysyl oxidases. Examples include the thiolamines, particularly D-penicillamine, and its analogs such as 2-amino-5-mercapto-5-methylhexanoic acid, D-2-amino-3-methyl-3-((2-acetamidoethyl)dithio)butanoic acid, p-2-amino-3-methyl-3-((2-aminoethyl)dithio)butanoic acid, sodium-4-((p-1-dimethyl-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)dithio)butane sulphurate, 2-acetamidoethyl-2-acetamidoethanethiol sulphanate, and sodium-4-mercaptobutanesulphinate trihydrate.

Immunotherapeutic Agents

The immunotherapeutic agents include and are not limited to therapeutic antibodies suitable for treating subjects. Some examples of therapeutic antibodies include abagovomab, ABP-980, adecatumumab, afutuzumab, alemtuzumab, altumomab, amatuximab, anatumomab, arcitumomab, bavituximab, bectumomab, bevacizumab, bivatuzumab, blinatumomab, brentuximab, cantuzumab, catumaxomab, CC49, cetuximab, citatuzumab, cixutumumab, clivatuzumab, conatumumab, dacetuzumab, dalotuzumab, daratumumab, detumomab, dinutuximab, drozitumab, duligotumab, dusigitumab, ecromeximab, elotuzumab, emibetuzumab, ensituximab, ertumaxomab, etaracizumab, farletuzumab, ficlatuzumab, figitumumab, flanvotumab, futuximab, ganitumab, gemtuzumab, girentuximab, glembatumumab, ibritumomab, igovomab, imgatuzumab, indatuximab, inotuzumab, intetumumab, ipilimumab (YERVOY®, MDX-010, BMS-734016, and MDX-101), iratumumab, labetuzumab, lexatumumab, lintuzumab, lorvotuzumab, lucatumumab, mapatumumab, matuzumab, milatuzumab, minretumomab, mitumomab, mogamulizumab, moxetumomab, naptumomab, narnatumab, necitumumab, nimotuzumab, nofetumomab, OBI-833, obinutuzumab, ocaratuzumab, ofatumumab, olaratumab, onartuzumab, oportuzumab, oregovomab, panitumumab, parsatuzumab, pasudotox, patritumab, pemtumomab, pertuzumab, pintumomab, pritumumab, racotumomab, radretumab, ramucirumab (Cyramza®), rilotumumab, rituximab, robatumumab, samalizumab, satumomab, sibrotuzumab, siltuximab, solitomab, simtuzumab, tacatuzumab, taplitumomab, tenatumomab, teprotumumab, tigatuzumab, tositumomab, trastuzumab, tucotuzumab, ublituximab, veltuzumab, vorsetuzumab, votumumab, zalutumumab, and 3F8. Rituximab can be used for treating indolent B-cell cancers, including marginal-zone lymphoma, WM, CLL and small lymphocytic lymphoma. A combination of Rituximab and chemotherapy agents is especially effective.

The exemplified therapeutic antibodies may be further labeled or combined with a radioisotope particle such as indium-111, yttrium-90 (90Y-clivatuzumab), or iodine-131.

Cancer Gene Therapy and Cell Therapy

Cancer Gene Therapy and Cell Therapy includes the insertion of a normal gene into cancer cells to replace a mutated or altered gene; genetic modification to silence a mutated gene; genetic approaches to directly kill the cancer cells; including the infusion of immune cells designed to replace most of the subject's own immune system to enhance the immune response to cancer cells, or activate the subject's own immune system (T cells or Natural Killer cells) to kill cancer cells, or find and kill the cancer cells; genetic approaches to modify cellular activity to further alter endogenous immune responsiveness against cancer.

Gene Editors

Examples of genome editing system include a CRISPR/Cas9 system, a zinc finger nuclease system, a TALEN system, a homing endonucleases system, and a meganuclease system.

CAR-T Cell Therapy and TCR-T Cell Therapy

CAR-T cell therapy includes a population of immune effector cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), wherein the CAR comprises a tumor antigen-binding domain. The immune effector cell is a T cell or an NK cell. TCR-T cell therapy includes TCR-T cells that are engineered to target tumor derived peptides present on the surface of tumor cells. Cells can be autologous or allogeneic.

In some embodiments, the CAR comprises an antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signalling domain.

In some embodiments, the intracellular domain comprises a primary signaling domain, a costimulatory domain, or both of a primary signaling domain and a costimulatory domain.

In some embodiments, the primary signaling domain comprises a functional signaling domain of one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of CD3 zeta, CD3 gamma, CD3 delta, CD3 epsilon, common FcR gamma (FCERIG), FcR beta (Fc Epsilon R1b), CD79a, CD79b, Fcgamma RIIa, DAP10, and DAP12.

In some embodiments, the costimulatory domain comprises a functional domain of one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of CD27, CD28, 4-1BB(CD137), OX40, CD30, CD40, PD-1, ICOS, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-I), CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, B7-H3, a ligand that specifically binds with CD83, CDS, ICAM-1, GITR, BAFFR, HVEM (LIGHTR), SLAMF7, NKp80 (KLRFI), CD160, CD19, CD4, CD8alpha, CD8beta, IL2R beta, IL2R gamma, IL7R alpha, ITGA4, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD 1 1d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL, CD 1 1a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD1 1b, ITGAX, CD1 1c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, LFA-1, ITGB7, TNFR2, TRANCE/RANKL, DNAM1 (CD226), SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4), CD84, CD96 (Tactile), CEACAM1, CRTAM, Ly9 (CD229), CD160 (BY55), PSGL1, CD100 (SEMA4D), CD69, SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly108), SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150, IPO-3), BLAME (SLAMF8), SELPLG (CD162), LTBR, LAT, GADS, SLP-76, PAG/Cbp, NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, and NKG2D.

In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises a transmembrane domain of a protein selected from the group consisting of the alpha, beta or zeta chain of the T-cell receptor, CD28, CD3 epsilon, CD45, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137, CD154, KIRDS2, OX40, CD2, CD27, LFA-1 (CD1 1a, CD18), ICOS (CD278), 4-1BB(CD137), GITR, CD40, BAFFR, HVEM (LIGHTR), SLAMF7, NKp80 (KLRF1), CD160, CD19, IL2R beta, IL2R gamma, IL7R u, ITGA1, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD1 1d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL, CD1 1a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD1 1b, ITGAX, CD1 1c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, LFA-1, ITGB7, TNFR2, DNAM1 (CD226), SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4), CD84, CD96 (Tactile), CEACAM1, CRTAM, Ly9 (CD229), CD160 (BY55), PSGL1, CD100 (SEMA4D), SLAMF6 (NM-A, Ly108), SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150, IPO-3), BLAME (SLAMF8), SELPLG (CD162), LTBR, PAG/Cbp, NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, NKG2D, and NKG2C.

In some embodiments, the antigen binding domain binds a tumor antigen.

In some embodiments, the tumor antigen is selected from the group consisting of: CD19; CD123; CD22; CD30; CD171; CS-1 (also referred to as CD2 subset 1, CRACC, SLAMF7, CD319, and 19A24); C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL-1 or CLECLI); CD33; epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvlll); ganglioside G2 (GD2); ganglioside GD3 (aNeuSAc(2-8)aNeuSAc(2-3)bDGaip(1-4)bDGIcp(1-1)Cer); TNF receptor family member B cell maturation (BCMA); Tn antigen ((Tn Ag) or (GaINAcu-Ser/Thr)); prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA); Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (RORI); Fms-Like, Tyrosine Kinase 3 (FLT3); Tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG72); CD38; CD44v6; Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA); Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM); B7H3 (CD276); KIT (CD117); Interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (IL-13Ra2 or CD213A2); Mesothelin; Interleukin 11 receptor alpha (IL-11Ra); prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA); Protease Serine 21 (Testisin or PRSS21); vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2); Lewis(Y)antigen; CD24; Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-beta); Stage-specificembryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4); CD20; delta like 3 (DLL3); Folate receptor alpha; Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase, ERBB2 (Her2/neu); Mucin 1, cell surface associated (MUC1); epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM); Prostase; prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP); elongation factor 2 mutated (ELF2M); Ephrin B2; fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP); insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-I receptor), carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX); Proteasome (Prosome, Macropain) Subunit, Beta Type, 9 (LMP2); glycoprotein 100 (gp100); oncogene fusion protein consisting of breakpoint cluster region (BCR) and Abelson murineleukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (Abl) (bcr-abl); tyrosinase; ephrin type-A receptor 2(EphA2); Fucosyl GM1; sialyl Lewis adhesion molecule (sLe); ganglioside GM3 (aNeuSAc(2-3)bDGalp(1-4)bDG1cp(1-1)Cer); transglutaminase 5 (TGSS); high molecular weight-melanomaassociatedantigen (HMWMAA); o-acetyl-GD2 ganglioside (OAcGD2); Folate receptor beta; tumor endothelial marker 1 (TEM1/CD248); tumor endothelial marker 7-related (TEM7R); six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate I (STEAP1); claudin 6 (CLDN6); thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR); G protein-coupled receptor class C group 5, member D (GPRCSD); chromosome X open reading frame 61 (CXORF61); CD97; CD179a; anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK); Polysialic acid; placenta-specific 1 (PLAC1); hexasaccharide portion of globoH glycoceramide (GloboH); mammary gland differentiation antigen (NY-BR-1); uroplakin 2 (UPK2); Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1); adrenoceptor beta 3 (ADRB3); pannexin 3 (PANX3); G protein-coupled receptor 20 (GPR20); lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus K 9 (LY6K); Olfactory receptor 51E2 (ORS IE2); TCR Gamma Alternate Reading Frame Protein (TARP); Wilms tumor protein (WT1); Cancer/testis antigen 1 (NY-ESO-1); Cancer/testis antigen 2 (LAGE-1a); Melanoma associated antigen 1 (MAGE-A1); ETS translocation-variant gene 6, located on chromosome 12p (ETV6-AML); sperm protein 17 (SPA17); X Antigen Family, Member 1A (XAGE1); angiopoietin-binding cell surface receptor 2 (Tie 2); melanoma cancer testis antigen-1 (MADCT-1); melanoma cancer testis antigen-2 (MAD-CT-2); Fos-related antigen 1; tumor protein p53, (p53); p53 mutant; prostein; survivin; telomerase; prostate carcinoma tumor antigen-1 (PCTA-1 or Galectin 8), melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (MelanA or MARTI); Rat sarcoma (Ras) mutant; human Telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT); sarcoma translocation breakpoints; melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis (ML-IAP); ERG (transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) ETS fusion gene); N-Acetyl glucosaminyl-transferase V (NA17); paired box protein Pax-3 (PAX3); Androgen receptor; Cyclin B1; v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene neuroblastoma derived homolog (MYCN); Ras Homolog Family Member C (RhoC); Tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2); Cytochrome P450 1B1(CYP IBI); CCCTC-Binding Factor (Zinc Finger Protein)-Like (BORIS or Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites), Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen Recognized By T Cells 3 (SART3); Paired box protein Pax-5 (PAXS); proacrosin binding protein sp32 (OY-TES I); lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK); A kinase anchor protein 4 (AKAP-4); synovial sarcoma, X breakpoint 2 (SSX2); Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE-I); renal ubiquitous 1 (RUI); renal ubiquitous 2 (RU2); legumain; human papilloma virus E6 (HPV E6); human papilloma virus E7 (HPV E7); intestinal carboxyl esterase; heat shock protein 70-2 mutated (mut hsp70-2); CD79a; CD79b; CD72; Leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1 (LAIRD; Fc fragment of IgA receptor (FCAR or CD89); Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 2 (LILRA2); CD300 molecule-like family member f (CD300LF); C-type lectin domain family 12 member A (CLEC12A); bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2); EGF-like modulecontaining mucin-like hormone receptor-like 2 (EMR2); lymphocyte antigen 75 (LY75); Glypican-3 (GPC3); Fc receptor-like 5 (FCRL5); and immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 (IGLL1).

In some embodiments, the tumor antigen is selected from CD150, 5T4, ActRIIA, B7, BMCA, CA-125, CCNA1, CD123, CD126, CD138, CD14, CD148, CD15, CD19, CD20, CD200, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD24, CD25, CD26, CD261, CD262, CD30, CD33, CD362, CD37, CD38, CD4, CD40, CD40L, CD44, CD46, CDS, CD52, CD53, CD54, CD56, CD66a-d, CD74, CD8, CD80, CD92, CE7, CS-1, CSPG4, ED-B fibronectin, EGFR, EGFRvIII, EGP-2, EGP-4, EPHa2, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4, FBP, GD2, GD3, HER1-HER2 in combination, HER2-HER3 in combination, HERV-K, HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120, HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp41, HLA-DR, HM1.24, HMW-MAA, Her2, Her2/neu, IGF-1R, IL-11Ralpha, IL-13R-alpha2, IL-2, IL-22R-alpha, IL-6, IL-6R, Ia, Ii, L1-CAM, L¹-cell adhesion molecule, Lewis Y, L1-CAM, MAGE A3, MAGE-A1, MART-1, MUC1, NKG2C ligands, NKG2D Ligands, NYESO-1, OEPHa2, PIGF, PSCA, PSMA, ROR1, T101, TAC, TAG72, TIM-3, TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R1 (DR4), TRAIL-R2 (DR5), VEGF, VEGFR2, WT-I, a G-protein coupled receptor, alphafetoprotein (AFP), an angiogenesis factor, an exogenous cognate binding molecule (ExoCBM), oncogene product, anti-folate receptor, c-Met, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cyclin (D 1), ephrinB2, epithelial tumor antigen, estrogen receptor, fetal acethycholine e receptor, folate binding protein, gp100, hepatitis B surface antigen, kappa chain, kappa light chain, kdr, lambda chain, livin, melanoma-associated antigen, mesothelin, mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), mucin 16 (MUC16), mutated p53, mutated ras, necrosis antigens, oncofetal antigen, ROR2, progesterone receptor, prostate specific antigen, tEGFR, tenascin, P2-Microgiobuiin, Fc Receptor-like 5 (FcRL5).

Non limiting examples of cell therapies include Algenpantucel-L, Sipuleucel-T, (BPX-501) rivogenlecleucel U.S. Pat. No. 9,089,520, WO2016100236, AU-105, ACTR-087, activated allogeneic natural killer cells CNDO-109-AANK, MG-4101, AU-101, BPX-601, FATE-NK100, LFU-835 hematopoietic stem cells, Imilecleucel-T, baltaleucel-T, PNK-007, UCARTCS1, ET-1504, ET-1501, ET-1502, ET-190, CD19-ARTEMIS, ProHema, FT-1050-treated bone marrow stem cell therapy, CD4CARNK-92 cells, CryoStim, AlloStim, lentiviral transduced huCART-meso cells, CART-22 cells, EGFRt/19-28z/4-1BBL CART cells, autologous 4H11-28z/fIL-12/EFGRt T cell, CCR5-SBC-728-HSPC, CAR4-1BBZ, CH-296, dnTGFbRII-NY-ESOc259T, Ad-RTS-IL-12, IMA-101, IMA-201, CARMA-0508, TT-18, CMD-501, CMD-503, CMD-504, CMD-502, CMD-601, CMD-602, CSG-005.

In some embodiments, the tumor targeting antigen includes: Alpha-fetoprotein, such as ET-1402, and AFP-TCR; Anthrax toxin receptor 1, such as anti-TEM8 CAR T-cell therapy; B cell maturation antigens (BCMA), such as bb-2121, UCART-BCMA, ET-140, KITE-585, MCM-998, LCAR-B38M, CART-BCMA, SEA-BCMA, BB212, UCART-BCMA, ET-140, P-BCMA-101, AUTO-2 (APRIL-CAR); Anti-CLL-1 antibodies, such as KITE-796; B7 homolog 6, such as CAR-NKp30 and CAR-B7H6; B-lymphocyte antigen CD19, such as TBI-1501, CTL-119 huCART-19 T cells, JCAR-015 U.S. Pat. No. 7,446,190, JCAR-014, JCAR-017, (WO2016196388, WO2016033570, WO2015157386), axicabtagene ciloleucel (KTE-C19), U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,741,465, 6,319,494, UCART-19, EBV-CTL, T tisagenlecleucel-T (CTL019), WO2012079000, WO2017049166, CD19CAR-CD28-CD3zeta-EGFRt-expressing T cells, CD19/4-1BBL armored CART cell therapy, C-CAR-011, CIK-CAR.CD19, CD19CAR-28-zeta T cells, PCAR-019, MatchCART, DSCAR-01, IM19 CAR-T; B-lymphocyte antigen CD20, such as ATTCK-20; B-lymphocyte cell adhesion, such as UCART-22, JCAR-018 WO2016090190; NY-ESO-1, such as GSK-3377794, TBI-1301; Carbonic anhydrase, such as DC-Ad-GMCAIX; Caspase 9 suicide gene, such as CaspaCIDe DLI, BPX-501; CCR5, such as SB-728; CDw123, such as MB-102, UCART-123; CD20m such as CBM-C20.1; CD4, such as ICG-122; CD30, such as CART30 (CBM-C30.1; CD33, such as CIK-CAR.CD33; CD38, such as T-007, UCART-38; CD40 ligand, such as BPX-201; CEACAM protein 4 modulators, such as MG7-CART; Claudin 6, such as CSG-002; EBV targeted, such as CMD-003; EGFR, such as autologous 4H11-28z/fIL-12/EFGRt T cell; Endonuclease, such as PGN-514, PGN-201; Epstein-Barr virus specific T-lymphocytes, such as TT-10; Erbb2, such as CST-102, CIDeCAR; Ganglioside (GD2), such as 4SCAR-GD2; Glutamate carboxypeptidase II, such as CIK-CAR.PSMA, CART-PSMA-TGFβRDN, P-PSMA-101; Glypican-3(GPC3), such as TT-16, GLYCAR; Hemoglobin, such as PGN-236; Hepatocyte growth factor receptor, such as anti-cMet RNA CAR T; Human papillomavirus E7 protein, such as KITE-439; Immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor III, such as ACTR087; IL-12, such as DC-RTS-IL-12; IL-12 agonist/mucin 16, such as JCAR-020; IL-13 alpha 2, such as MB-101; IL-2, such as CST-101; K-Ras GTPase, such as anti-KRAS G12V mTCR cell therapy; Neural cell adhesion molecule L1 L1CAM (CD171), such as JCAR-023; Latent membrane protein 1/Latent membrane protein 2, such as Ad5f35-LMPd1-2-transduced autologous dendritic cells; Melanoma associated antigen 10, such as MAGE-A10C796T MAGE-A10 TCR; Melanoma associated antigen 3/Melanoma associated antigen 6 (MAGE A3/A6) such as KITE-718; Mesothelin, such as CSG-MESO, TC-210; NKG2D, such as NKR-2; Ntrkr1 tyrosine kinase receptor, such as JCAR-024; T cell receptors, such as BPX-701, IMCgp100; T-lymphocyte, such as TT-12; Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, such as LN-144, LN-145; and Wilms tumor protein, such as JTCR-016, WT1-CTL.

Lymphoma or Leukemia Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating lymphoma or leukemia. These agents include aldesleukin, alvocidib, amifostine trihydrate, aminocamptothecin, antineoplaston A10, antineoplaston AS2-1, anti-thymocyte globulin, arsenic trioxide, Bcl-2 family protein inhibitor ABT-263, beta alethine, BMS-345541, bortezomib (VELCADE®), bortezomib (VELCADE®, PS-341), bryostatin 1, bulsulfan, campath-1H, carboplatin, carfilzomib (Kyprolis®), carmustine, caspofungin acetate, CC-5103, chlorambucil, CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone), cisplatin, cladribine, clofarabine, curcumin, CVP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone), cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, cytarabine, denileukin diftitox, dexamethasone, docetaxel, dolastatin 10, doxorubicin, doxorubicin hydrochloride, DT-PACE (dexamethasone, thalidomide, cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide), enzastaurin, epoetin alfa, etoposide, everolimus (RAD001), FCM (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and mitoxantrone), FCR (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab), fenretinide, filgrastim, flavopiridol, fludarabine, FR (fludarabine and rituximab), geldanamycin (17-AAG), hyperCVAD (hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone, methotrexate, and cytarabine), ICE (iphosphamide, carboplatin, and etoposide), ifosfamide, irinotecan hydrochloride, interferon alpha-2b, ixabepilone, lenalidomide (REVLIMID®, CC-5013), lymphokine-activated killer cells, MCP (mitoxantrone, chlorambucil, and prednisolone), melphalan, mesna, methotrexate, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, motexafin gadolinium, mycophenolate mofetil, nelarabine, obatoclax (GX15-070), oblimersen, octreotide acetate, omega-3 fatty acids, Omr-IgG-am (WNIG, Omrix), oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, palbociclib (PD0332991), pegfilgrastim, PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride, perifosin, prednisolone, prednisone, recombinant flt3 ligand, recombinant human thrombopoietin, recombinant interferon alfa, recombinant interleukin-11, recombinant interleukin-12, rituximab, R-CHOP (rituximab and CHOP), R-CVP (rituximab and CVP), R-FCM (rituximab and FCM), R-ICE (rituximab and ICE), and R-MCP (rituximab and MCP), R-roscovitine (seliciclib, CYC202), sargramostim, sildenafil citrate, simvastatin, sirolimus, styryl sulphones, tacrolimus, tanespimycin, temsirolimus (CC1-779), thalidomide, therapeutic allogeneic lymphocytes, thiotepa, tipifarnib, vincristine, vincristine sulfate, vinorelbine ditartrate, SAHA (suberanilohydroxamic acid, or suberoyl, anilide, and hydroxamic acid), vemurafenib (Zelboraf®), venetoclax (ABT-199).

One modified approach is radioimmunotherapy, wherein a monoclonal antibody is combined with a radioisotope particle, such as indium-111, yttrium-90, and iodine-131. Examples of combination therapies include, but are not limited to, iodine-131 tositumomab) (BEXXAR®, yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (ZEVALIN®), and BEXXAR® with CHOP.

The abovementioned therapies can be supplemented or combined with stem cell transplantation or treatment. Therapeutic procedures include peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autologous bone marrow transplantation, antibody therapy, biological therapy, enzyme inhibitor therapy, total body irradiation, infusion of stem cells, bone marrow ablation with stem cell support, in vitro-treated peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, umbilical cord blood transplantation, immunoenzyme technique, low-LET cobalt-60 gamma ray therapy, bleomycin, conventional surgery, radiation therapy, and nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), especially those of B cell origin, which include monoclonal antibodies, standard chemotherapy approaches (e.g., CHOP, CVP, FCM, MCP, and the like), radioimmunotherapy, and combinations thereof, especially integration of an antibody therapy with chemotherapy.

Examples of unconjugated monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of NHL/B-cell cancers include rituximab, alemtuzumab, human or humanized anti-CD20 antibodies, lumiliximab, anti-TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (anti-TRAIL), bevacizumab, galiximab, epratuzumab, SGN-40, and anti-CD74.

Examples of experimental antibody agents used in treatment of NHL/B-cell cancers include ofatumumab, ha20, PRO131921, alemtuzumab, galiximab, SGN-40, CHIR-12.12, epratuzumab, lumiliximab, apolizumab, milatuzumab, and bevacizumab.

Examples of standard regimens of chemotherapy for NHL/B-cell cancers include CHOP, FCM, CVP, MCP, R-CHOP, R-FCM, R-CVP, and R-MCP.

Examples of radioimmunotherapy for NHL/B-cell cancers include yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (ZEVALN®) and iodine-131 tositumomab (BEXXAR′).

Mantle Cell Lymphoma Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), which include combination chemotherapies such as CHOP, hyperCVAD, and FCM. These regimens can also be supplemented with the monoclonal antibody rituximab to form combination therapies R-CHOP, hyperCVAD-R, and R-FCM. Any of the abovementioned therapies may be combined with stem cell transplantation or ICE in order to treat MCL.

Other examples of therapeutic agents suitable for treating MCL include:

-   -   immunotherapy, such as monoclonal antibodies (like rituximab)         and cancer vaccines, such as GTOP-99, which are based on the         genetic makeup of an individual subject's tumor;     -   radioimmunotherapy, wherein a monoclonal antibody is combined         with a radioisotope particle, such as iodine-131 tositumomab         (BEXXAR®), yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (ZEVALIN®), and         BEXXAR® in sequential treatment with CHOP;     -   autologous stem cell transplantation coupled with high-dose         chemotherapy, administering proteasome inhibitors such as         bortezomib (VELCADE® or PS-341), or administering         antiangiogenesis agents such as thalidomide, especially in         combination with rituximab;     -   drugs that lead to the degradation of Bcl-2 protein and increase         cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapy, such as oblimersen, in         combination with other chemotherapeutic agents;     -   mTOR inhibitors, which can lead to inhibition of cell growth and         even cell death. Non-limiting examples are sirolimus,         temsirolimus (TORISEL®, CCI-779), CC-115, CC-223, SF-1126,         PQR-309 (bimiralisib), voxtalisib, GSK-2126458, and temsirolimus         in combination with RITUXAN®, VELCADE®, or other         chemotherapeutic agents;     -   other agents such as flavopiridol, palbociclib (PD0332991),         R-roscovitine (selicicilib, CYC202), styryl sulphones, obatoclax         (GX15-070), TRAIL, Anti-TRAIL death receptors DR4 and DR5         antibodies, temsirolimus (TORISEL®, CC1-779), everolimus         (RAD001), BMS-345541, curcumin, SAHA, thalidomide, lenalidomide         (REVLIMID®, CC-5013), and geldanamycin (17-AAG).

Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia (WM), which include aldesleukin, alemtuzumab, alvocidib, amifostine trihydrate, aminocamptothecin, antineoplaston A10, antineoplaston AS2-1, anti-thymocyte globulin, arsenic trioxide, autologous human tumor-derived HSPPC-96, Bcl-2 family protein inhibitor ABT-263, beta alethine, bortezomib (VELCADE®), bryostatin 1, busulfan, campath-1H, carboplatin, carmustine, caspofungin acetate, CC-5103, cisplatin, clofarabine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, cytarabine, denileukin diftitox, dexamethasone, docetaxel, dolastatin 10, doxorubicin hydrochloride, DT-PACE, enzastaurin, epoetin alfa, epratuzumab (hLL2-anti-CD22 humanized antibody), etoposide, everolimus, fenretinide, filgrastim, fludarabine, ifosfamide, indium-111 monoclonal antibody MN-14, iodine-131 tositumomab, irinotecan hydrochloride, ixabepilone, lymphokine-activated killer cells, melphalan, mesna, methotrexate, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, monoclonal antibody CD19 (such as tisagenlecleucel-T, CART-19, CTL-019), monoclonal antibody CD20, motexafin gadolinium, mycophenolate mofetil, nelarabine, oblimersen, octreotide acetate, omega-3 fatty acids, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pegfilgrastim, PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride, pentostatin, perifosine, prednisone, recombinant flt3 ligand, recombinant human thrombopoietin, recombinant interferon alfa, recombinant interleukin-11, recombinant interleukin-12, rituximab, sargramostim, sildenafil citrate (VIAGRA®), simvastatin, sirolimus, tacrolimus, tanespimycin, thalidomide, therapeutic allogeneic lymphocytes, thiotepa, tipifarnib, tositumomab, veltuzumab, vincristine sulfate, vinorelbine ditartrate, vorinostat, WT1 126-134 peptide vaccine, WT-1 analog peptide vaccine, yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan, yttrium-90 humanized epratuzumab, and any combination thereof.

Other examples of therapeutic procedures used to treat WM include peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autologous bone marrow transplantation, antibody therapy, biological therapy, enzyme inhibitor therapy, total body irradiation, infusion of stem cells, bone marrow ablation with stem cell support, in vitro-treated peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, umbilical cord blood transplantation, immunoenzyme techniques, low-LET cobalt-60 gamma ray therapy, bleomycin, conventional surgery, radiation therapy, and nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which include cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, etoposide, bleomycin, many of the agents listed for WM, and any combination thereof, such as ICE and R-ICE.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), which include chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, pentostatin, cladribine, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, prednisolone, alemtuzumab, many of the agents listed for WM, and combination chemotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy, including the following common combination regimens: CVP, R-CVP, ICE, R-ICE, FCR, and FR.

Myelofibrosis Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating myelofibrosis, which include hedgehog inhibitors, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Non-limiting examples of hedgehog inhibitors are saridegib and vismodegib.

Examples of HDAC inhibitors include, but are not limited to, pracinostat and panobinostat.

Non-limiting examples of tyrosine kinase inhibitors are lestaurtinib, bosutinib, imatinib, gilteritinib, radotinib, and cabozantinib.

Hyperproliferative Disease Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating a hyperproliferative disease, which include gemcitabine, nab-paclitaxel, and gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel with a JAK inhibitor and/or PI3Kδ inhibitor.

Bladder Cancer Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating bladder cancer, which include atezolizumab, carboplatin, cisplatin, docetaxel, doxorubicin, fluorouracil (5-FU), gemcitabine, idosfamide, Interferon alfa-2b, methotrexate, mitomycin, nab-paclitaxel, paclitaxel, pemetrexed, thiotepa, vinblastine, and any combination thereof.

Breast Cancer Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating breast cancer, which include albumin-bound paclitaxel, anastrozole, capecitabine, carboplatin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, everolimus, exemestane, fluorouracil, fulvestrant, gemcitabine, Ixabepilone, lapatinib, Letrozole, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, paclitaxel, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, pertuzumab, tamoxifen, toremifene, trastuzumab, vinorelbine, and any combinations thereof.

Triple Negative Breast Cancer Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating triple negative breast cancer, which include cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, fluorouracil, paclitaxel, and combinations thereof.

Colorectal Cancer Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating colorectal cancer, which include bevacizumab, capecitabine, cetuximab, fluorouracil, irinotecan, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, panitumumab, ziv-aflibercept, and any combinations thereof.

Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating castration-resistant prostate cancer, which include abiraterone, cabazitaxel, docetaxel, enzalutamide, prednisone, sipuleucel-T, and any combinations thereof

Esophageal and Esophagogastric Junction Cancer Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancer, which include capecitabine, carboplatin, cisplatin, docetaxel, epirubicin, fluoropyrimidine, fluorouracil, irinotecan, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, ramucirumab, trastuzumab, and any combinations thereof.

Gastric Cancer Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating gastric cancer, which include capecitabine, carboplatin, cisplatin, docetaxel, epirubicin, fluoropyrimidine, fluorouracil, Irinotecan, leucovorin, mitomycin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, ramucirumab, trastuzumab, and any combinations thereof.

Head & Neck Cancer Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating head & neck cancer, which include afatinib, bleomycin, capecitabine, carboplatin, cetuximab, cisplatin, docetaxel, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, methotrexate, nivolumab, paclitaxel, pembrolizumab, vinorelbine, and any combinations thereof

Hepatobiliary Cancer Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating hepatobiliary cancer, which include capecitabine, cisplatin, fluoropyrimidine, 5-fluorourcil, gemecitabine, oxaliplatin, sorafenib, and any combinations thereof.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating hepatocellular carcinoma, which include capecitabine, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, sorafenib, and any combinations thereof.

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which include afatinib, albumin-bound paclitaxel, alectinib, bevacizumab, bevacizumab, cabozantinib, carboplatin, cisplatin, crizotinib, dabrafenib, docetaxel, erlotinib, etoposide, gemcitabine, nivolumab, paclitaxel, pembrolizumab, pemetrexed, ramucirumab, trametinib, trastuzumab, vandetanib, vemurafenib, vinblastine, vinorelbine, and any combinations thereof.

Small Cell Lung Cancer Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which include bendamustime, carboplatin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, doxorubicin, etoposide, gemcitabine, ipillimumab, irinotecan, nivolumab, paclitaxel, temozolomide, topotecan, vincristine, vinorelbine, and any combinations thereof.

Melanoma Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating melanoma, which include albumin bound paclitaxel, carboplatin, cisplatin, cobiemtinib, dabrafenib, dacrabazine, IL-2, imatinib, interferon alfa-2b, ipilimumab, nitrosourea, nivolumab, paclitaxel, pembrolizumab, pilimumab, temozolomide, trametinib, vemurafenib, vinblastine, and any combinations thereof.

Ovarian Cancer Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating ovarian cancer, which include 5-flourouracil, albumin bound paclitaxel, altretamine, anastrozole, bevacizumab, capecitabine, carboplatin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, doxorubicin, etoposide, exemestane, gemcibabine, ifosfamide, irinotecan, letrozole, leuprolide acetate, liposomal doxorubicin, megestrol acetate, melphalan, olaparib, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, Pazopanib, pemetrexed, tamoxifen, topotecan, vinorelbine, and any combinations thereof.

Pancreatic Cancer Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating pancreatic cancer, which include 5-fluorourcil, albumin-bound paclitaxel, capecitabine, cisplatin, docetaxel, erlotinib, fluoropyrimidine, gemcitabine, irinotecan, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, and any combinations thereof.

Renal Cell Carcinoma Combination Therapy

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are suitable for treating renal cell carcinoma, which include axitinib, bevacizumab, cabozantinib, erlotinib, everolimus, levantinib, nivolumab, pazopanib, sorafenib, sunitinib, temsirolimus, and any combinations thereof.

VIII. Kits

The present disclosure provides a kit comprising a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The kit may further comprise instructions for use, e.g., for use in treating a viral infection. The instructions for use are generally written instructions, although electronic storage media (e.g., magnetic diskette or optical disk) containing instructions are also acceptable.

The present disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical kit comprising one or more containers comprising a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice reflects approval by the agency for the manufacture, use or sale for human administration. Each component (if there is more than one component) can be packaged in separate containers or some components can be combined in one container where cross-reactivity and shelf life permit. The kits may be in unit dosage forms, bulk packages (e.g., multi-dose packages) or sub-unit doses. Kits may also include multiple unit doses of the compounds and instructions for use and be packaged in quantities sufficient for storage and use in pharmacies (e.g., hospital pharmacies and compounding pharmacies).

Also provided are articles of manufacture comprising a unit dosage of a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in suitable packaging for use in the methods described herein. Suitable packaging is known in the art and includes, for example, vials, vessels, ampules, bottles, jars, flexible packaging and the like. An article of manufacture may further be sterilized and/or sealed.

IX. Examples

The embodiments are also directed to processes and intermediates useful for preparing the subject compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Many general references providing commonly known chemical synthetic schemes and conditions useful for synthesizing the disclosed compounds are available (see, e.g., Smith, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 7th edition, Wiley-Interscience, 2013.)

Compounds as described herein can be purified by any of the means known in the art, including chromatographic means, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), preparative thin layer chromatography, flash column chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. Any suitable stationary phase can be used, including normal and reversed phases as well as ionic resins. Most typically the disclosed compounds are purified via silica gel and/or alumina chromatography. See, e.g., Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, 2nd ed., ed. L. R. Snyder and J. J. Kirkland, John Wiley and Sons, 1979; and Thin Layer Chromatography, E. Stahl (ed.), Springer-Verlag, New York, 1969.

Compounds were characterized using standard instrumentation methods. ¹H, ¹⁹F, and ³¹P NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker Avance™ III HD 400 MHz NMR unless otherwise specified. Mass spectrometry was obtained on a Waters Q-Tof Micro in electron spray ionization (ESI) mode.

During any of the processes for preparation of the subject compounds, it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups as described in standard works, such as T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” 4th ed., Wiley, New York 2006. The protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known from the art.

Exemplary chemical entities useful in methods of the embodiments will now be described by reference to illustrative synthetic schemes for their general preparation herein and the specific examples that follow. Artisans will recognize that, to obtain the various compounds herein, starting materials may be suitably selected so that the ultimately desired substituents will be carried through the reaction scheme with or without protection as appropriate to yield the desired product. Alternatively, it may be necessary or desirable to employ, in the place of the ultimately desired substituent, a suitable group that may be carried through the reaction scheme and replaced as appropriate with the desired substituent.

Furthermore, one of skill in the art will recognize that the transformations shown in the schemes below may be performed in any order that is compatible with the functionality of the particular pendant groups. Each of the reactions depicted in the general schemes is preferably run at a temperature from about 0° C. to the reflux temperature of the organic solvent used.

The Examples provided herein describe the synthesis of compounds disclosed herein as well as intermediates used to prepare the compounds. It is to be understood that individual steps described herein may be combined. It is also to be understood that separate batches of a compound may be combined and then carried forth in the next synthetic step.

In the following description of the Examples, specific embodiments are described. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice certain embodiments of the present disclosure. Other embodiments may be utilized and logical and other changes may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The following description is, therefore, not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

The methods of the present disclosure generally provide a specific enantiomer or diastereomer as the desired product, although the stereochemistry of the enantiomer or diastereomer was not determined in all cases. When the stereochemistry of the specific stereocenter in the enantiomer or diastereomer is not determined, the compound is drawn without showing any stereochemistry at that specific stereocenter even though the compound can be substantially enantiomerically or disatereomerically pure.

Representative syntheses of compounds of the present disclosure are described in schemes below, and the particular examples that follow. Compounds were named using MarvinSketch (ChemAxon, Budapest, Hungary) unless otherwise indicated.

The specific 3′3′-cyclic dinucleotides detailed in the Examples were synthesized according to the general synthetic method described below.

Analytical HPLC, mass spectra, UV absorbancy and purity of compounds were measured on Waters UPLC-MS system consisted of Waters UPLC H-Class Core System, UPLC PDA detector and Mass spectrometer Waters SQD2. MS method used was ESI+ and/or ESI−, cone voltage=30 V, mass detector range 100-1000 Da or 500-1600 Da. Two sets of HPLC conditions were used as indicated: (a) C18 (column: ProntoSIL, Prontopearl C18 SH 2.2 μm, 100×2.0 mm; LC method: H₂O/CH₃CN, 0.1% formic acid as modifier, gradient 0-100%, run length 7 min, flow 0.5 ml/min) and (b) HILIC (column: SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC, 5 μm, polymeric, 50×2.1 mm; LC method: CH₃CN/0.01M aqueous ammonium acetate gradient 10-60%, run length 7 min, flow 0.3 ml/min).

The abbreviations used in the Examples shown below include the following. List of abbreviations:

Abbreviations ACN acetonitrile BSA bovine serum albumin Bn benzyl Bz benzoyl Cbz Benzyloxy carbonyl DABCO 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane DAST (Diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride dba dibenzylideneacetone DCA dichloroacetic acid DCE 1,2-Dichloroethane DCM Dichloromethane dppf 1,1′-Ferrocenediyl-bis(diphenylphosphine) DIPEA N,N-Diisopropylethylamine DMF dimethylformamide DMOCP 2-Chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide DMTr 4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl DMTrCl 4,4′-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl chloride DSF differential scanning fluorimetry ESI electron spray ionization FBS fetal bovine serum FCC Flash column chromatography HILIC Hydrophobic interaction chromatography HPLC high resolution mass spectrometry iBu Isobutyl iPr isopropyl LiHMDS Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide NMMO N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells TBAF Tetrabutylammonium fluoride TBDMS tert-Butyldimethylsilyl TBDMSCl tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride TBHP tert-Butyl hydroperoxide TEA Triethylamine TEAB Triethylammonium bicarbonate TES Triethylsilane TFA Trifluoroacetic acid THF tetrahydrofuran TMSCl Chlorotrimethylsilane XantPhos 4,5-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene

Example 1. Synthesis of Cyclopentane Nucleotide Monomers

(1R,4S,5R,6S)-5,6-dihydroxy-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-one (1): To an ice-cold solution of (1R)-(+2-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one (21.8 g, 0.2 mol) in dioxane (400 mL) was added 4-methylmorpholine N-oxide monohydrate (40.5 g, 0.3 mol) followed by slow addition of 0s04 (0.15 M in water, 2 mL) (Scheme 1). Slow dissolution of NMMO indicated reaction progress, reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. and 2 h at room temperature. Reaction was quenched by addition of sodium bisulfite (30% in water, 5 mL), volatiles were evaporated, crude product was adsorbed on silica, applied on a plug of silica and pure compound was eluted with a gradient of MeOH in CHCl₃ (0-20%) to yield the title compound. NMR spectra match literature data (J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46(16), 3268).

(1R,4S,5R,65)-5,6-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-one (2): Intermediate 1 (28.16 g, 0.2 mol) was codistilled with DMF (2×100 mL), dissolved in dry DMF (400 mL) and to this solution was added imidazole (53.6 g, 0.79 mol) followed by slow addition of TBDMSC1 (118.6 g, 0.79 mol). After 3 h the reaction was quenched by addition of MeOH (50 mL), all volatiles were evaporated, honey-like residue was dissolved in AcOEt (1.5 L) and washed with saturated solution of NaHCO₃ (2×300 mL) and water (300 mL). Organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Column chromatography (ethyl acetate in petrol ether—20-100%) afforded the title compound. NMR spectra match literature data (J. Med. Chem., 2005, 48(24), 7675).

Benzyl (1R,4S,5R,6S)-5,6-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-oxo-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate (3): A solution of 2 (38.84 g, 104.5 mmol) in dry THF (500 mL) under argon atmosphere was cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice-acetone bath. To this solution LiHMDS (1M in THF, 105 mL) was added dropwise over 10 minutes. After another 10 minutes benzyl chloroformate (22.4 mL, 156.8 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 minutes and the reaction mixture was stirred for another 10 minutes. Still at −78° C. the reaction was quenched by addition of a saturated solution of NH₄Cl (50 mL), diluted with AcOEt (1.5 L) and was washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ (300 mL) and water (300 mL). Organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Column chromatography (AcOEt in petrol ether 10-30%) afforded title compound: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.43-7.32 (m, 5H), 5.25 and 5.21 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (dt, J=2.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (dd, J=5.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J=5.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (dt, J=2.3, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 2.28 (dt, J=10.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 1.93 (dp, J=10.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 6H), 0.05 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 173.01, 150.55, 135.16, 128.76, 128.66, 128.59, 72.98, 70.78, 68.32, 63.49, 54.78, 32.36, 26.02, 25.98, 18.33, 18.24, −4.30, −4.40, −4.83, −4.91; ESI MS m/z (%): 506.3 (19) [M+H], 528.3 (100) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₂₆H₄₄O₅NSi₂) calculated: 506.27525, found: 506.27532.

Benzyl ((1R,2S,3R,4R)-2,3-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl)carbamate (4): A solution of 3 (49.7 g, 98 mmol) in THF-MeOH mixture (5:1, 600 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and NaBH₄ (7.4 g, 196 mmol) was added in 10 portions over 30 minutes. Reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, diluted with AcOEt (1 L) and washed with water (2×300 mL). Organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Column chromatography (AcOEt in toluene 0-25%) afforded title compound: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.40-7.27 (m, 5H), 7.13 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 2H), 4.56 (bs, 1H), 3.81 (t, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (m, 1H), 3.70 (dd, J=6.1, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.46-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.06 (dt, J=13.3, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 1.94 (m, 1H), 1.09 (dt, J=13.2, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 155.62, 137.43, 128.46, 127.90, 127.87, 77.71, 74.35, 65.25, 63.11, 54.58, 44.72, 29.61, 25.99, 25.95, 17.95, 17.94, −4.26, −4.38, −4.43, −4.49; ESI MS m/z (%): 510.3 (27) [M+H], 532.3 (100) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₂₆H₄₇O₅NNaSi₂) calculated: 532.28850, found: 532.28828.

((1R,2R,3S,4R)-4-amino-2,3-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclopentyl)methanol (5): To a solution of 4 (47.6 g, 93 mmol) in THF (250 mL) was added Pd/C (10%, 2 g) and this reaction mixture was hydrogenated in steel parr bomb at 10 bar of H2 for 12 h. Catalyst was filtered off on a pad of celite, filter was thoroughly washed with methanol. Volatiles were evaporated to afford title compound: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 3.89 (t, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (t, J₂=4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (dd, J=10.4, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.29 (dd, J=10.5, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.06-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.07-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.86 (m, 1H), 0.94-0.89 (m, 1H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 81.14, 74.73, 63.11, 55.40, 45.00, 32.67, 26.06, 26.02, 18.05, 17.95, −4.18, −4.22, −4.39; ESI MS m/z (%): 376.3 (100) [M+H], 398.3 (7) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₁₈H₄₂O₃NSi₂) calculated: 376.26977, found: 376.26999.

((1R,2R,3S,4R)-4-(6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,3-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclopentyl)methanol (6): To a solution of 5 (20 g, 53 mmol) in n-BuOH (300 mL) was added DIPEA (28 mL) and 4,6-dichloro-5-formamidopyrimidine (12.3 g, 64 mmol). Resulting mixture was heated in a sealed vessel at 130° C. for 24 h. Volatiles were evaporated, column chromatography (AcOEt in toluene 0-60%) afforded the title compound: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.78 (s, 1H), 5.01 (q, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (dd, J=9.6, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (ddd, J=10.8, 7.9, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (dt, J=11.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 2.35 (dt, J=13.4, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.17-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.92 (ddd, J=13.5, 9.7, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 0.91 and 0.56 (s, 9H), 0.11, 0.07, −0.19, −0.67 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 152.24, 151.40, 149.33, 147.24, 131.61, 76.34, 74.16, 63.14, 59.68, 46.05, 27.48, 25.97, 25.48, 17.93, 17.43, −4.30, −4.45, −4.54, −5.81; HRMS ESI (C₂₃H₄₂O₃N₄ClSi₂) calculated: 513.24785, found: 513.24790.

((1R,2R,3S,4R)-4-(2-amino-6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,3-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclopentyl)methanol (7): To a solution of 5 (20 g, 53 mmol) in n-BuOH (300 mL) was added DIPEA (28 mL) and 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-5-formamidopyrimidine (13.2 g, 64 mmol). Resulting mixture was heated in a sealed vessel at 160° C. for 24 h. Volatiles were evaporated, column chromatography (AcOEt in toluene 20-100%) afforded the title compound: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 6.81 (s, 2H), 4.87 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (q, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (dd, J=9.6, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (ddd, J=11.0, 8.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (dt, J=11.0, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.27 (dt, J=13.4, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 2.11-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.76 (ddd, J=14.0, 9.5, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.65 (s, 9H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), −0.16 (s, 3H), −0.51 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 159.56, 154.42, 149.50, 142.87, 124.09, 75.99, 74.55, 63.22, 58.88, 46.12, 27.71, 26.05, 25.66, 18.01, 17.61, −4.31, −4.42, −5.54; ESI MS m/z (%): 528.3 (100) [M+H], 550.2 (49) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₂₃H₄₃O₃N₅ClSi₂) calculated: 528.25875, found: 528.25868.

9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-2,3-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl)-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one (8): A solution of 6 (3 g, 5.8 mmol), DABCO (721 mg, 6.4 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (1.62 g, 11.7 mmol) in water-dioxane mixture (1:1, 80 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 30 minutes. Water (50 mL) was added to the mixture, dioxane was evaporated, precipitated product was collected on a paper filter and thoroughly washed with water. Title compound was obtained after drying in dessicator over P₂O₅ overnight: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.25 (s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 4.89 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (q, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (dd, J=9.6, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.51-3.42 (m, 1H), 2.31 (dt, J=13.3, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.11-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.77 (ddd, J=13.2, 9.5, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.64 (s, 9H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), −0.16 (s, 3H), −0.52 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.81, 148.80, 145.24, 139.92, 124.75, 76.80, 74.45, 63.18, 58.96, 46.02, 28.30, 26.01, 25.63, 17.97, 17.56, −4.28, −4.40, −4.50, −5.71; HRMS ESI (C₂₃H₄₂O₄N₄NaSi₂) calculated: 517.26368, found: 517.26370.

2-Amino-9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-2,3-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl)-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one (9): A solution of 7 (8 g, 15 mmol), DABCO (1.87 g, 17 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (4.19 g, 30 mmol) in water-dioxane mixture (1:1, 200 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 1 h. Water (150 mL) was added to the mixture, dioxane was evaporated, precipitated product was collected on a paper filter and thoroughly washed with water. Title compound was obtained after drying in dessicator over P₂O₅ overnight: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.51 (s, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 6.29 (s, 2H), 4.85 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (q, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (dd, J=9.5, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (ddd, J=11.0, 7.8, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (dt, J=11.1, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.24 (dt, J=13.4, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 2.11-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.67 (ddd, J=13.9, 9.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.69 (s, 9H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), −0.13 (s, 3H), −0.42 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.99, 153.14, 151.61, 136.93, 117.34, 76.48, 74.82, 63.19, 58.35, 46.08, 28.45, 26.07, 25.76, 18.04, 17.69, −4.28, −4.33, −4.43, −5.49; ESI MS m/z (%): 510.3 (100) [M+H], 532.3 (89) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₂₃H₄₄O₄N₅Si₂) calculated: 510.29263, found: 510.29263.

N-(9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-2,3-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl)-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-2-yl)isobutyramide (10): Intermediate 9 (7.7 g, 15.2 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×30 mL), dissolved in pyridine (70 mL), and TMSCl (4.8 mL, 38 mmol) was added dropwise. After stirring the reaction mixture at ambient temperature for 1 hour isobutyroyl chloride (2.3 mL, 23 mmol) was added dropwise and stirring was continued for further 3 hours. Water (30 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 5 minutes, after which aqueous ammonia was added (32%, 45 mL) and stirring was continued for another 15 minutes. Volatiles were evaporated and residue was partitioned between DCM and water. Aqueous layer was extracted with one more portion of DCM, organic layers were pooled, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. FCC (MeOH in DCM, 2-10%) afforded product: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.09 (s, 1H), 11.45 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (q, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (dd, J=9.7, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (ddd, J=10.9, 7.6, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (dt, J=10.9, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (hept, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (dt, J=13.5, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 2.12-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.62 (ddd, J=13.5, 9.6, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 6H), 0.92 and 0.67 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), −0.12 (s, 3H), −0.44 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 180.35, 155.05, 149.20, 147.59, 138.82, 120.52, 77.19, 74.93, 63.18, 58.56, 46.22, 34.78, 29.22, 26.10, 25.65, 19.14, 19.06, 18.07, 17.62, −4.21, −4.32, −4.35, −5.55; ESI MS m/z (%): 580.3 (100) [M+H], 602.3 (44) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₂₇H₅₀O₅N₅Si₂) calculated: 580.33450, found: 580.33472.

9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-4-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-2,3-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclopentyl)-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one (11): Intermediate 8 (2.6 g, mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×20 mL), dissolved in pyridine (50 mL) and DMTrCl (2.1 g, 6.3 mmol) was added in one portion. After stirring the reaction mixture at ambient temperature for 3 hours it was diluted with AcOEt (250 mL), washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and water. Organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to afford crude Intermediate 11, which was used in the next reaction without further purification. A sample was purified by reverse phase FCC (ACN in water, 50-100%): ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.24 (s, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.29 (m, 6H), 7.26-7.20 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.87 (m, 4H), 4.75 (q, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (dd, J=9.7, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (m, 6H), 3.25-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.16-3.10 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.97 (ddd, J=13.6, 9.6, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.63 (s, 9H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), −0.25 (s, 3H), −0.63 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 158.24, 158.23, 156.74, 148.47, 145.33, 144.63, 140.76, 135.94, 135.71, 129.93, 129.90, 127.96, 127.77, 126.80, 125.28, 113.34, 113.29, 85.60, 76.00, 74.45, 64.25, 59.70, 55.21, 43.60, 27.51, 25.96, 25.63, 17.97, 17.52, −4.37, −4.43, −4.60, −5.98; ESI MS m/z (%): 797.4 (11) [M+H], 819.4 (100) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₄₄H₆₀O₆N₄NaSi₂) calculated: 819.39436, found: 819.39472.

N-(9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-4-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-2,3-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclopentyl)-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-2-yl)isobutyramide (12): Intermediate 10 (2 g, 3.4 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×10 mL), dissolved in pyridine (40 mL) and DMTrCl (1.75 g, 5.2 mmol) was added in one portion. After stirring the reaction mixture at ambient temperature for 3 hours it was diluted with AcOEt (200 mL), washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and water. Organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Purification by FCC on a TEA-deactivated silicagel column (AcOEt in cyclohexane 0-80%) afforded 12: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.06 (s, 1H), 11.37 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.47-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.26 (m, 6H), 7.26-7.19 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.86 (m, 4H), 4.76 (q, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J=9.5, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 6H), 3.25-3.14 (m, 2H), 2.77 (hept, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (dt, J=13.3, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 2.24-2.16 (m, 1H), 1.65 (ddd, J=13.3, 9.9, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 1.09 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 0.87 and 0.63 (s, 9H), 0.04 (s, 6H), −0.17 and −0.47 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 180.18, 158.28, 155.05, 149.36, 147.70, 145.16, 137.87, 135.73, 135.63, 129.96, 127.96, 127.83, 126.86, 120.34, 113.30, 85.81, 77.63, 74.65, 64.55, 57.83, 55.22, 55.16, 34.79, 29.52, 26.03, 25.57, 19.03, 18.02, 17.53, −4.21, −4.37, −4.46, −5.69; ESI MS m/z (%): 882.5 (100) [M+H]; HRMS ESI (C₄₈H₆₇N₅O₇Si₂) calculated: 882.46573, found: 882.46581.

9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-4-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-2,3-dihydroxycyclopentyl)-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one (13): To a solution of crude 11 (3 g, 3.8 mmol) in THF (60 mL) was added TBAF (1M in THF, 15 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 12 hours. Volatiles were evaporated and reverse phase FCC (ACN in water, 10-70%) afforded 13: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.24-7.19 (m, 1H), 6.92-6.87 (m, 4H), 4.71-4.62 (m, 1H), 4.28 (dd, J=8.6, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (dd, J=5.7, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (s, 6H), 3.15 (dd, J=9.0, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (dd, J=9.0, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 2.32-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.73 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 158.19, 157.03, 148.68, 145.37, 145.26, 139.67, 136.02, 129.90, 128.01, 127.88, 126.79, 124.81, 113.35, 85.39, 74.73, 71.86, 64.73, 60.14, 55.21, 43.74, 30.08; ESI MS m/z (%): 569.3 (7) [M+H], 591.3 (100) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₃₂H₃₂O₆N₄Na) calculated: 591.22141, found: 591.22144.

N-(9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-4-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-2,3-dihydroxycyclopentyl)-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-2-yl)isobutyramide (14): To a solution of 12 (2.6 g, 2.9 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was added TBAF (1M in THF, 12 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 12 hours. Volatiles were evaporated and reverse phase FCC (ACN in water, 10-70%) afforded 14: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.97 (bs, 2H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.29 (m, 6H), 7.29-7.24 (m, 4H), 7.24-7.19 (m, 1H), 6.95-6.84 (m, 4H), 4.62 (dt, J=10.9, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (dd, J=8.6, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (dd, J=5.7, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 6H), 3.16 (dd, J=9.1, 5.2 Hz), 3.03 (dd, J=9.1, 6.6 Hz), 2.72 (hept, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.30 (dt, J=12.4, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.22-2.11 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.45 (m, 1H), 1.10 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 180.78, 158.19, 156.09, 149.76, 145.32, 137.49, 135.98, 129.88, 128.01, 127.87, 126.79, 120.06, 113.35, 85.43, 74.88, 71.86, 64.96, 58.75, 55.20, 35.36, 30.92, 19.33; ESI MS m/z (%): 654.3 (100) [M+H]; HRMS ESI (C₃₆H₃₉N₅O₇) calculated: 654.29277, found: 654.29265.

9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-4-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-hydroxycyclopentyl)-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one (15): Intermediate 13 (2 g, 3.5 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×10 mL), dissolved in pyridine (40 mL) and imidazole (479 mg, 7 mmol) followed by TBDMSC1 (530 mg, 3.5 mmol) were added in one portion. After stirring the reaction mixture at ambient temperature for 12 hours it was diluted with AcOEt (200 mL), washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and water. Reverse phase FCC (ACN in water 40-90%) afforded 15: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 13.19 (bs, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.35 (m, 4H), 7.32-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H), 6.87-6.81 (m, 4H), 4.82-4.74 (m, 1H), 4.72 (dd, J=8.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (dd, J=4.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.31 (dd, J=9.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.24 (dd, J=9.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.29 (m, 3H), 0.77 (s, 9H), −0.14 (s, 3H), −0.38 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.58, 158.59, 149.46, 145.23, 144.30, 144.27, 140.29, 136.16, 130.24, 128.27, 127.95, 126.94, 125.61, 113.27, 113.21, 86.28, 77.07, 73.67, 73.56, 64.22, 61.65, 55.41, 55.32, 42.66, 28.71, 25.68, 25.64, 17.90, −5.14, −5.26; ESI MS m/z (%): 683.4 (10) [M+H], 705.4 (100) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₃₈H₄₆O₆N₄NaSi) calculated: 705.30788, found: 705.30818.

N-(9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-4-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-hydroxycyclopentyl)-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-2-yl)isobutyramide (16): Intermediate 14 (2.14 g, 3.2 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×10 mL), dissolved in pyridine (20 mL) and imidazole (565 mg, 9.6 mmol) followed by TBDMSC1 (581 mg, 3.9 mmol) was added in one portion. After stirring the reaction mixture at ambient temperature for 12 hours it was diluted with AcOEt (200 mL), washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and water. Reverse phase FCC (ACN in water 40-90%) afforded Intermediate 16: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.02 (s, 1H), 11.66 (s, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.26 (m, 4H), 7.26-7.20 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.87 (m, 4H), 4.86-4.76 (m, 1H), 4.51 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (dd, J=9.3, =5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (td, J=5.0, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (s, 6H), 3.17 (dd, J=9.1, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (dd, J=9.1, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (hept, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.29-2.16 (m, 2H), 1.68 (dt, J=11.3, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 1.10 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 0.65 (s, 9H), −0.13 (s, 3H), −0.33 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 180.10, 158.05, 158.04, 154.88, 149.25, 147.68, 145.12, 137.53, 135.70, 135.67, 129.77, 129.74, 127.82, 127.67, 126.66, 119.95, 113.16, 85.31, 77.89, 71.74, 64.62, 57.77, 55.03, 43.63, 34.69, 28.87, 25.39, 18.89, 18.80, 17.61, −5.01, −5.66; ESI MS m/z (%): 768.4 (100) [M+H]; HRMS ESI (C₄₂H₅₃N₅O₇Si) calculated: 768.37925, found: 768.37931.

(1R,2S,3R,5R)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-9H-purin-9-yl)cyclopentyl hydrogen phosphonate, triethylammonium salt (17): Intermediate 15 (300 mg, 0.44 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×5 mL), dissolved in pyridine (5 mL) and diphenyl phosphite (85%, 198 μL, 0.88 mmol) was added in one portion. After stirring at ambient temperature for 20 minutes TEA (1 mL) was added followed by water (1 mL) and the reaction was stirred for further 20 minutes. Resulting solution was diluted with DCM (70 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and with water. Organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. To a solution of obtained intermediate in DCM (5 mL) was added water (79 μL, 4.4 mmol) a solution of DCA (327 μL, 4 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes, after which it was quenched with pyridine (2 ml). Purification on reverse phase FCC (ACN in water, 0-50%) afforded 17 as the triethylammonium salt: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.37 (bs, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=593.1 Hz, 1H), 4.83-4.73 (m, 1H), 4.37 (dd, J=9.2, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (ddd, J=10.7, 5.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.02 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 2.34-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.20 (dt, J=12.6, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.86 (ddd, J=12.6, 10.7, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.19 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 9H), 0.62 (s, 9H), −0.15 and −0.38 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.85, 148.87, 145.32, 139.47, 124.62, 76.69 (d, J=4.5 Hz), 74.38, 63.23, 59.37, 45.51, 28.12, 25.54, 17.74, 8.76, −4.77, −5.57; ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, DMSO) δ 4.60; ESI MS m/z (%): 443.2 (100) [M−H]; HRMS ESI (C₁₇H₂₉N₄O₆PSi) calculated: 443.15158, found: 443.15170.

(1R,2S,3R,5R)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(2-isobutyramido-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-9H-purin-9-yl)cyclopentyl hydrogen phosphonate, triethylammonium salt (18): Intermediate 16 (1.3 g, 1.7 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×5 mL), dissolved in pyridine (10 mL) and diphenyl phosphite (85%, 1.14 mL, 5.08 mmol) was added in one portion. After stirring at ambient temperature for 20 minutes TEA (2 mL) was added followed by water (2 mL) and the reaction was stirred for further 20 minutes. Resulting solution was diluted with DCM (200 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and with water. Organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. To a solution of obtained intermediate in DCM (25 mL) was added water (306 μL, 17.1 mmol) a solution of DCA (1.3 mL, 15 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes, after which it was quenched with pyridine (4 ml). Purification on reverse phase FCC (ACN in 50 mM aqueous NH₄HCO, 0-50%) afforded 18 as the ammonium salt: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.98 (bs, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 6.69 (d, J=590.6 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (ddd, J=11.2, 9.5, 7.9, 1H), 4.25-4.16 (m, 2H), 3.48 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.04 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 6H), 2.74 (hept, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.37-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.70 (td, J=11.9, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.18 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 9H), 1.10 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 0.61 (s, 9H), −0.14 and −0.38 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 180.34, 155.09, 149.61, 147.99, 137.62, 119.93, 77.57, 74.62, 63.39, 57.37, 45.56, 45.40, 34.95, 28.33, 25.42, 19.04, 17.69, 8.69, −4.88, −5.60; ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, DMSO) δ 4.67; ESI MS m/z (%): 528.2 (100) [M−H]; HRMS ESI (C₂₁H₃₆N₅O₇PSi) calculated: 528.20434, found: 528.20437.

(1R,2S,3R,5R)-3-(2-amino-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclopentyl (2-cyanoethyl) diisopropylphosphoramidite (19): To a solution of 16 (700 mg, 0.91 mmol) in dry DCE (9 mL) under argon atmosphere was added bis(diisopropylamino)(2-cyanoethoxy)phosphine (578 μL, 1.82 mmol) followed by a solution of tetrazole (0.45M in MeCN, 5 mL, 2.28 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. Resulting cloudy solution was diluted with DCM (50 mL), washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (2×20 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Product was purified by flash chromatography on silica (acetone in cyclohexane, 0-70%) to afford 19 as a mixture of diastereomers after lyophilization from benzene: ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, C₆D6) δ 152.30, 150.10.

N-(9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-2,3-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl)-9H-purin-6-yl)benzamide (20): A mixture of Pd₂(dba)₃ (443 mg, 0.48 mmol) and XantPhos (560 mg, 0.97 mmol) in dry deoxygenated toluene (100 mL) under atmosphere of argon was heated to 45° C. for 15 minutes to form a light green solution (Scheme 2). To the formed solution of catalyst was added Cs₂CO₃ (3.5 g, 10.7 mmol) and a solution of benzamide (1.4 g, 11.6 mmol) and 6 (5 g, 9.7 mmol) in dry dioxane (100 mL). Reaction mixture was heated in a sealed vessel at 100° C. for 4 hours, diluted with AcOEt (400 mL) and washed with water. Organic layers was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Purification on a TEA-deactivated silicagel column FCC (AcOEt in cyclohexane 50-100%) afforded 20: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.14 (s, 1H), 8.79 (s, 1H), 8.06-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.63-7.57 (m, 1H), 7.55-7.49 (m, 2H), 4.87-4.76 (m, 2H), 4.55-4.47 (m, 1H), 4.08 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.81 (m, 2H), 2.62 (dt, J=14.3, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (ddd, J=14.1, 7.4, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.28-2.22 (m, 1H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.72 (s, 9H), 0.11 (s, 5H), −0.17 (s, 3H), −0.74 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 164.57, 151.88, 151.04, 150.16, 144.48, 133.79, 132.97, 129.02, 127.96, 124.33, 76.89, 64.97, 63.23, 46.51, 27.17, 25.99, 25.88, 18.21, 17.86, −4.35, −4.44, −4.48, −5.82; ESI MS m/z (%): 598.3 (100) [M+H]; HRMS ESI (C₃₀H₄₇N₅O₄Si₂) calculated: 598.32449, found: 598.32418.

N-(9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-4-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-2,3-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclopentyl)-9H-purin-6-yl)benzamide (21): Intermediate 20 (6 g, 10 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×20 mL), dissolved in pyridine (50 mL) and DMTrCl (5.1 g, 15 mmol) was added in one portion. After stirring the reaction mixture at ambient temperature for 3 hours it was diluted with AcOEt (250 mL), washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and water. Organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to afford Intermediate 21, which was used in the next step without further purification: ESI MS m/z (%): 900.5 (100) [M+H]; HRMS ESI (C₅₁H₆₅N₅O₆Si₂) calculated: 900.45517; found: 900.45521.

N-(9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-4-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-2,3-dihydroxycyclopentyl)-9H-purin-6-yl)benzamide (22): To a solution of 21 (7.9 g, 8.7 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was added TBAF (1M in THF, 35 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 12 hours. Volatiles were evaporated and FCC on a TEA-deactivated silicagel column (MeOH in DCM 0-10%) afforded Intermediate 22: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.18 (s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.08-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.65-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.46-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.26 (m, 6H), 7.26-7.20 (m, 1H), 6.94-6.87 (m, 4H), 5.07 (s, 1H), 4.88-4.75 (m, 2H), 4.48-4.39 (m, 1H), 3.91 (dd, J=5.9, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (s, 6H), 3.19 (dd, J=9.1, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dd, J=9.0, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 2.37-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.97 (td, J=11.5, 8.3 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 166.00, 158.19, 152.53, 151.10, 145.41, 144.05, 136.04, 134.18, 132.31, 129.92, 128.63, 128.54, 128.02, 127.89, 126.79, 126.38, 113.36, 85.40, 74.37, 71.90, 64.73, 60.28, 55.21, 43.74, 29.36; ESI MS m/z (%): 672.3 (100) [M+H]; HRMS ESI (C₃₉H₃₇N₅O₆) calculated: 672.28221; found: 672.28200.

N-(9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-4-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-3-hydroxycyclopentyl)-9H-purin-6-yl)benzamide (23): Intermediate 22 (5 g, 7.4 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×40 mL), dissolved in pyridine (80 mL) and imidazole (1 g, 15 mmol) followed by TBDMSC1 (1.12 g, 7.4 mmol) were added in one portion. After stirring the reaction mixture at ambient temperature for 12 hours it was diluted with AcOEt (400 mL), washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and water. Reverse phase FCC (ACN in water 40-90%) afforded 23 in a 1:1 mixture of isomers with the 3-silylated product: ESI MS m/z (%): 786.4 (100) [M+H]; HRMS ESI (C₄₅H₅₁N₅O₆Si) calculated: 786.36869; found: 786.36852.

(1R,2S,3R,5R)-3-(6-benzamido-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-5-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl hydrogen phosphonate, triethylammonium salt (24): A mixture of 23 with the corresponding 3′-TBDMS isomer (1:1, 1 g, 1.27 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×10 mL), dissolved in pyridine (10 mL) and diphenyl phosphite (85%, 860 μL, 3.82 mmol) was added in one portion. After stirring at ambient temperature for 20 minutes TEA (1.5 mL) was added followed by water (1.5 mL) and the reaction was stirred for further 20 minutes. Resulting solution was diluted with DCM and washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and with water. Organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. To a solution of obtained intermediate in DCM (15 mL) was added water (229 μL, 12.7 mmol) and a solution of DCA (0.94 mL, 11.4 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes, after which it was quenched with pyridine (2 ml). Purification and separation of isomers on reverse phase FCC (ACN in water, 0-50%) afforded 24 as the triethylammonium salt: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.12 (bs, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.08-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.67-7.61 (m, 1H), 7.58-7.51 (m, 2H), 6.73 (d, J=591.3 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (dt, J=10.6, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (dd, J=9.1, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (ddd, J=10.7, 5.4, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.04 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 6H), 2.39-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.20 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 9H), 0.60 (s, 9H), −0.15 and −0.43 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 165.69, 152.78, 151.25, 150.34, 144.02, 133.65, 132.52, 128.61, 126.10, 76.12, 74.17, 63.26, 59.66, 45.60, 45.45, 27.73, 25.55, 17.71, 8.67, −4.72, −5.50; ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, DMSO) δ 4.57; ESI MS m/z (%): 546.2 (100) [M−H]; HRMS ESI (C₂₄H₃₄N₅O₆PSi) calculated: 546.19378; found: 546.19360.

N-(9-((1R,3R,4S)-3-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclopentyl)-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin-2-yl)isobutyramide (26): Intermediate 25 (493 mg, 1.47 mmol, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125 (44), 13519-13524) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×15 mL), dissolved in pyridine (10 mL) and DMTrCl (600 mg, 1.76 mmol) was added in one portion at 0° C. (Scheme 3). After stirring at 0° C. for 16 h, another portion of DMTrCl (150 mg, 0.44 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for another 16 h and the quenched with satd. aq. NaHCO₃(2 mL) and evaporated. Residue was taken up in AcOEt (200 mL) and organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and water. Organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Product was purified by chromatography (DCM-acetone 1:2) on TEA-deactivated silicagel to afford 26: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.04 (s, 1H), 11.61 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.31 (dd, J=8.5, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.27-7.18 (m, 5H), 6.94-6.81 (m, 4H), 4.99-4.84 (m, 2H), 4.07 (dq, J=8.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (2×s, 6H), 3.18 (dd, J=8.9, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (dd, J=9.0, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (p, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.39 (m, 2H), 2.23-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.64 (dt, J=12.3, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 1.12 (dd, J=6.8, 0.9 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) 180.23, 158.17, 155.08, 148.72, 147.79, 145.31, 137.73, 136.02, 135.99, 129.87, 129.86, 127.96, 126.75, 120.39, 113.32, 85.38, 71.72, 64.90, 55.19, 52.48, 47.51, 40.83, 35.37, 34.88, 29.76, 19.02; ESI MS m/z (%): 660.6 (100) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₃₆H₃₉N₅O₆PNa) calculated: 660.27926; found: 660.27893.

(1S,2R,4R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(2-isobutyramido-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-9H-purin-9-yl)cyclopentyl hydrogen phosphonate, triethylammonium salt (27): Intermediate 26 (680 mg, 1.07 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×15 mL), dissolved in pyridine (10 mL) and diphenyl phosphite (85%, 721 μL, 3.21 mol) was added in one portion. After stirring at ambient temperature for 20 minutes, TEA (1.1 mL) was added followed by water (1.1 mL) and the reaction was stirred for further 20 minutes. Resulting solution was diluted with DCM and washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and with water. Organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Residue was purified on FCC (DCM/1% Et₃N-MeOH 0 to 20%). To a solution of obtained intermediate in DCM (10 mL) was added water (200 μL, 11.1 mmol) and a solution of DCA (0.795 mL, 9.6 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes, after which it was quenched with triethylsilane (8.5 mL). Reaction mixture was the stirred for 1 h and then pyridine (2 ml) was added and volatiles was evaporated. Purification on reverse phase FCC (ACN in water, 0-50%) afforded 27 as the triethylammonium salt: ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.00 and 11.90 (2×brs, 2H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 6.64 (d, J=583.0 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (tt, J=10.9, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (ddt, J=9.0, 5.6, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.87-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.43-2.03 (m, 4H), 1.65 (td, J=11.1, 10.5, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 1.18 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 180.28, 155.10, 148.81, 147.96, 137.64, 120.22, 74.47, 74.42, 63.24, 52.68, 48.66, 48.64, 45.59, 34.94, 33.88, 19.08, 19.01, 8.70; ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, DMSO) δ 3.13; ESI MS m/z (%): 422.2 (100) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₁₅H₂₂N₅O₆PNa) calculated: 422.11999; found: 422.11991.

(1S,2R,4R)-4-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentan-1-ol (29): A solution of (1S,2R,4R)-4-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentan-1-ol (28) (472 mg, 3.6 mmol, synthesized according to J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 18143), N-(4,6-dichloropyrimidin-5-yl)formamide (847 mg, 4.4 mmol) and DIPEA (1.27 mL, 7.3 mmol) in n-butanol (17 mL) was heated in a pressure vessel to 140° C. (bath) for 16 h (Scheme 4). Reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column (200 g, ethyl acetate→ethyl acetate:acetone:ethanol:water 20:3:1.2:0.8, 0-100%). Obtained intermediate was dissolved in aq. ammonia (25%)/dioxane (21 mL, 2:1) and the solution was heated to 60° C. in a pressure vessel for 15 h. Volatiles were evaporated, residue was co-evaporated with ethanol (2×30 mL) and chromatographed on a silica gel column (200 g, ethyl acetate→ethyl acetate:acetone:ethanol:water 17:3:3:3, 0-100%) to afford Intermediate 29: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.16 (s, 2H), 5.01 (tt, J=9.8, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.69-4.60 (m, 1H), 4.10 (dq, J=7.1, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (dt, J=10.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.49-3.39 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.21 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.74 (dt, J=12.7, 9.4 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 156.15, 152.30, 149.60, 139.54, 119.38, 71.76, 62.99, 53.08, 49.58, 40.57, 34.04; ESI MS m/z (%): 272.1 (100) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₁₁H₁₅N₅O₂Na) calculated 272.11180, found: 272.11149.

N-(9-((1R,3S,4R)-3-Hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl)-9H-purin-6-yl)benzamide (30): Intermediate 29 (576 mg, 2.31 mmol) was co-evaporated with pyridine (2×15 mL), dissolved in pyridine (15 mL), cooled to 0° C. and then TMSCl (2.2 mL, 17.3 mmol) was added dropwise during 2 minutes. Reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 minutes and then at ambient temperature for 1 hour. After cooling it down to 0° C., benzoyl chloride (0.5 mL, 4.3 mmol) was slowly added and the resulting solution was left at 0° C. for 1 h and for another 12 h at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0° C. again, quenched with water (1.85 mL), and, after 15 minutes, aq. ammonia (4.6 mL, 25%) was added. After further 15 minutes at 0° C. the reaction mixture was removed from cooling bath, stirred at r.t. for 20 minutes and then evaporated to dryness. The resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate-ethanol mixture (50 ml, 2:1) and solids were filtered-off on a celite pad. The concentrated extract was purified by reverse-phase chromatography (100 g, H₂O:acetonitrile 0→50%) to afford 30: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.11 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 1H), 8.07-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.69-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.59-7.49 (m, 2H), 5.16 (tt, J=9.7, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (dq, J=7.5, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.63-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.42 (m, 1H), 2.47-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.33 (ddd, J=12.9, 9.8, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.19-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.82 (dt, J=12.6, 9.4 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 165.76, 152.49, 151.32, 150.28, 143.49, 133.64, 132.54, 128.62, 128.60, 126.05, 71.69, 62.91, 53.51, 49.58, 40.47, 33.92; ESI MS m/z (%): 354.2 (100) [M+H]; HRMS ESI (C₁₈H₂₀N₅O₃) calculated 354.15607, found: 354.15551.

N-(9-((1R,3R,4S)-3-((Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclopentyl)-9H-purin-6-yl)benzamide (31): Intermediate 30 (634 mg, 1.79 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×25 mL), dissolved in pyridine (20 mL) and DMTrCl (634 mg, 1.97 mmol) was added in one portion at 0° C. Reaction mixture was allowed to warm to r.t. and stirred for 15 h, after which it was cooled to 0° C. again and a second portion of DMTrCl (115 mg, 0.36 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for another 16 h, cooled to 0° C. and a third portion of DMTrCl (115 mg, 0.36 mmol) was added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for another 16 h and then quenched with satd. aq. NaHCO₃(6 mL) and evaporated. Residue was taken up in ethyl acetate (400 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (150 mL) and brine (150 mL). Organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Product was purified by chromatography (toluene:acetone 1:1→1:2) on a TEA-deactivated silicagel to afford 31: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.12 (s, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.15-7.94 (m, 2H), 7.75-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.55 (dd, J=8.2, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.34-7.19 (m, 7H), 6.89 (dd, J=9.0, 1.0 Hz, 3H), 5.17 (p, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (td, J=8.5, 7.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 5H), 3.23 (dd, J=8.9, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.05 (dd, J=9.0, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.07 (m, 1H), 1.93 (dt, J=12.3, 10.1 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 158.16, 152.37, 150.31, 145.38, 143.73, 136.07, 133.63, 132.53, 129.87, 128.61, 127.97, 127.88, 126.74, 126.19, 113.32, 85.33, 71.86, 64.66, 55.19, 53.38, 47.58, 40.28, 34.51; ESI MS m/z (%): 656.3 (100) [M+H]; HRMS ESI (C₃₉H₃₆N₅O₅) calculated 656.28675, found: 656.28619.

(1S,2R,4R)-4-(6-Benzamido-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy) methyl)cyclopentyl hydrogen phosphonate, triethylammonium salt (32): Intermediate 31 (500 mg, 0.76 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×15 mL), dissolved in pyridine (10 mL) and diphenyl phosphite (85%, 516 μL, 2.3 mmol) was added in one portion. After stirring at ambient temperature for 20 minutes, TEA (1.13 mL) was added followed by water (1.13 mL) and the reaction was stirred for further 20 minutes. Resulting solution was diluted with DCM (200 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃(2×100 mL). Organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Resulting intermediate was purified on FCC (DCM/1% Et₃N-MeOH 0 to 20%).

To a solution of above intermediate in DCM (10 mL) was added water (200 μL, 11.1 mmol) followed by a solution of DCA (568 μL, 6.9 mmol) in DCM (6.3 mL). Reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes, after which it was quenched with triethylsilane (4.8 mL). Reaction mixture was then stirred for 1 h and then pyridine (5 ml) was added and volatiles were evaporated. Purification on reverse phase FCC (ACN in water, 0-50%) afforded 32 as the triethylammonium salt: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.12 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.59 (s, 1H), 8.15-7.91 (m, 2H), 7.73-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.60-7.31 (m, 2H), 6.65 (d, J=562.7 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (s, 1H), 5.21-5.10 (m, 1H), 4.77-4.67 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.47 (m, 3H), 3.36 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 2.47-2.22 (m, 4H), 1.98-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.23 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 4H); ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 4.69; negESI MS m/z (%): 416.1 (100) [M−H]; negHRMS ESI (C₁₈H₁₉N₅O₅P) calculated 416.11293, found: 416.11263.

(1S,2R,4R)-4-(6-benzamido-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy) methyl)cyclopentyl (2-cyanoethyl) diisopropylphosphoramidite (33): To a solution of Intermediate 32 (469 mg, 0.72 mmol) in dry DCE (7 mL) under argon atmosphere was added bis(diisopropylamino)(2-cyanoethoxy)phosphine (454 μL, 1.43 mmol) followed by a solution of tetrazole (0.45M in MeCN, 4 mL, 1.79 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. Resulting cloudy solution was diluted with DCM (50 mL), washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃(2×20 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Product was purified by flash chromatography on silica (acetone in cyclohexane, 0-70%) to afford 33 as a mixture of diastereomers after lyophilization from benzene: ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, C₆D6) δ 150.73, 150.56.

(1R,2R,3R,5R)-3-(6-Chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentane-1,2-diol (35): A solution of (1R,2R,3R,5R)-3-amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentane-1,2-diol 34 (1.27 g, 8.6 mmol, synthesized according to Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 5783), N-(4, 6-dichloropyrimidin-5-yl)formamide (1.98 g, 10.3 mmol) and DIPEA (3 mL, 17.2 mmol) in n-butanol (40 mL) was heated in a pressure vessel to 140° C. (bath) for 16 h (Scheme 5). Volatiles were evaporated and the residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column (500 g, ethyl acetate→ethyl acetate:acetone:ethanol:water 20:3:1.2:0.8, 0-100%) to afford 35: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.77 (s, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 5.13 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.11-5.03 (m, 2H), 4.71 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (td, J=4.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (td, J=4.6, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (dt, J=10.7, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (ddd, J=10.3, 6.9, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (dt, J=12.4, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.12 (ddd, J=12.5, 11.1, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 2.03-1.93 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 152.45, 151.36, 148.84, 147.21, 130.95, 78.03, 76.59, 63.28, 56.04, 46.61, 30.16; ESI MS m/z (%): 307.0 (100) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₁₁H₁₃N₄O₃ClNa) calculated 307.05684, found: 307.05634.

(6aR,8R,9R,9aR)-8-(6-Chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,2,4,4-tetraisopropylhexahydrocyclopenta[f][1,3,5,2,4]trioxadisilocin-9-ol (36): Intermediate 35 (1.14 g, 4.01 mmol) was co-evaporated with pyridine (2×60 mL) and dissolved in dry pyridine (65 mL). To this solution was dropwise added (in 15 minutes) 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane (1.38 mL, 4.41 mmol). Reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 18 h and evaporated. Residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (400 mL) and brine (150 mL). Aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×400 mL), combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Flash chromatography (120 g, cyclohexane-ethyl acetate 0→50%) afforded 36: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.59 (s, 1H), 5.32 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (ddd, J=10.9, 7.4, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J=6.0, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (td, J=5.7, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J=11.5, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (dd, J=11.5, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.38-2.03 (m, 3H), 1.19-0.91 (m, 28H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 152.49, 151.28, 148.92, 147.31, 131.02, 79.79, 75.99, 64.11, 55.00, 46.12, 29.17, 17.65, 17.51, 17.49, 17.43, 17.20, 17.19, 17.13, 13.10, 13.00, 12.62, 12.15; ESI MS m/z (%): 527.2 (100) [M+H].

6-Chloro-9-((6aR,8R,9S,9aR)-9-fluoro-2,2,4,4-tetraisopropylhexahydrocyclopenta[f][1,3,5,2,4]trioxadisilocin-8-yl)-9H-purine (37): Intermediate 36 (1.334 g, 2.53 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (2×60 mL) and dissolved in dry dichloromethane (66 mL) and pyridine (1.23 mL, 15.2 mmol). The reaction mixture was backfilled with argon and cooled down to −78° C. DAST (1.02 mL, 7.59 mmol) was added dropwise during 10 minutes and the reaction mixture was left to warm-up slowly to r.t. overnight. The reaction mixture was poured on ice-satd. aq. NaHCO₃mixture (300 mL) and aq. phase was extracted with dichloromethane (3×150 mL). Combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Flash chromatography (80 g, cyclohexane-ethyl acetate 0→40%) afforded 37: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.59 (s, 1H), 5.30 (ddd, J=53.3, 5.1, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.21-5.07 (m, 1H), 4.72 (ddd, J=25.3, 9.9, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (dd, J=11.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (dd, J=11.8, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 2.29-2.16 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.15-0.99 (m, 28H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 151.63, 150.92, 149.42, 147.30, 131.85, 95.06 (d, J=188.2 Hz), 70.80 (d, J=18.0 Hz), 59.28, 59.11 (d, J=28.7 Hz), 43.84, 27.72 (d, J=3.5 Hz), 17.51, 17.41, 17.34, 17.26, 17.16, 17.13, 17.09, 12.89, 12.88, 12.42, 12.23; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −188.67 (ddd, J=54.3, 30.1, 25.3 Hz); ESI MS m/z (%): 529.2 (100) [M+H]; HRMS ESI (C₂₃H₃₉N₄P₃ClFSi₂) calculated 529.22278, found: 529.22211.

N-(9-((6aR,8R,9S,9aR)-9-Fluoro-2,2,4,4-tetraisopropylhexahydrocyclopenta[f][1,3,5,2,4] trioxadisilocin-8-yl)-9H-purin-6-yl)benzamide (38): To a dried round-bottom flask was placed Pd₂(dba)₃ (37.7 mg, 0.074 mmol) and dppf (60.5 mg, 0.111 mmol) and the flask was backfilled with argon. To this mixture was added a solution of 37 (390 mg, 0.74 mmol, 2x co-evaporated with 20 mL of toluene) in toluene (18 mL) followed by benzamide (100 mg, 0.83 mmol) and cesium carbonate (333 mg, 1.02 mmol). The flask was backfilled with argon and the reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. (bath) for 24 h. Residue was diluted with brine (120 mL) and product was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×150 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Chromatography on silica gel (200 g, toluene-ethyl acetate 3:1→toluene-acetone 3:1) afforded 38: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.18 (s, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.19-7.90 (m, 2H), 7.72-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.60-7.51 (m, 2H), 5.31 (ddd, J=53.6, 5.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (dt, J=30.1, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (ddd, J=24.9, 9.7, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J=11.9, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=11.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (dq, J=12.9, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.11-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.39-0.75 (m, 28H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 165.74, 152.01, 151.01, 150.59, 144.45, 133.52, 132.59, 128.63, 128.55, 126.23, δ 95.30 (d,J=188.5 Hz), 70.81 (d, J=17.9 Hz), 59.45, 58.64 (d, J=28.2 Hz), 43.98, 27.92 (d, J=3.1 Hz), 17.54, 17.46, 17.43, 17.38, 17.28, 17.18, 17.15, 17.11, 12.92, 12.90, 12.47, 12.26; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −188.76 (ddd, J=54.1, 29.9, 24.8 Hz); ESI MS m/z (%): 613.4 (100) [M+H].

N-(9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-2-Fluoro-3-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl)-9H-purin-6-yl)benzamide (39): Intermediate 38 (253 mg, 0.41 mmol) was co-evaporated with acetonitrile (2×15 mL), dissolved in dry acetonitrile (11 mL) and the flask was backfilled with argon. A solution of Et₃N.3HF (166 μL, 1.02 mmol) in dry acetonitrile (1.5 mL) was added dropwise during 3 minutes. Reaction mixture was stirred for 14 h, evaporated, co-evaporated with toluene (15 mL) and product was purified by reverse-phase chromatography (50 g, H₂O:acetonitrile 0→50%) to afford Intermediate 39: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.17 (br s, 1H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.65 (s, 1H), 8.13-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.61-7.42 (m, 2H), 5.60-5.12 (m, 3H), 4.81 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dq, J=9.6, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.71-3.44 (m, 2H), 2.40 (dtd, J=12.9, 8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 2.24-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.96-1.82 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 165.76, 152.51, 151.59, 150.50, 143.67, 133.55, 132.58, 128.62, 125.98, 95.13 (d, J=191.0 Hz), 70.12 (d, J=15.6 Hz), 62.10, 57.40 (d, J=23.4 Hz), 44.98 (d, J=2.1 Hz), 28.33 (d, J=6.7 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −200.08 (ddd, J=52.3, 19.4, 8.8 Hz); ESI MS m/z (%): 394.1 (100) [M+Na]; HRMS ESI (C₁₈H₁₉N₅O₃F) calculated: 372.14664, found: 372.14644.

N-(9-((1R,2S,3R,4R)-4-((Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-2-fluoro-3-hydroxycyclopentyl)-9H-purin-6-yl)benzamide (40): Intermediate 39 (267 mg, 0.72 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (3×15 mL), dissolved in pyridine (15 mL) and DMTrCl (268 mg, 0.79 mmol) was added in one portion at 0° C. Reaction mixture was allowed to warm to r.t. and stirred for additional 15 h. Reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and a second portion of DMTrCl (268 mg, 0.79 mmol) was added in one portion at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for another 4 h, then quenched with satd. aq. NaHCO₃(3 mL) and evaporated. Residue was taken up in ethyl acetate (200 mL) and organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃(100 mL) and brine (100 mL). Organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Product was purified by chromatography (toluene:acetone 1:1) on a TEA-deactivated silicagel to afford 40: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.20 (br s, 1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 8.59 (s, 1H), 8.22-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.75-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.61-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.20 (m, 6H), 6.90 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 3H), 5.32 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (dq, J=12.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (s, 6H), 3.23 (dd, J=9.1, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (dd, J=9.1, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.09-1.99 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 158.20, 152.27, 151.37, 150.58, 145.34, 144.21, 135.97, 133.59, 132.59, 129.90, 128.63, 128.00, 127.87, 126.78, 126.18, 113.36, 94.98 (d, J=189.7 Hz), 85.43, 70.55 (d, J=16.6 Hz), 63.54, 58.24 (d, J=25.1 Hz), 55.20, 43.18, 28.95 (d, J=5.9 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −196.32 (ddd, J=52.7, 23.0, 12.9 Hz); ESI MS m/z (%): 674.3 (100) [M+H]; HRMS ESI (C₃₉H₃₇N₅O₅F) calculated: 674.27732, found: 674.27606.

(1R,2S,3R,5R)-3-(6-Benzamido-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-fluoro-5-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl hydrogen phosphonate, triethylammonium salt (41): Intermediate 40 (408 mg, 0.61 mmol) was azeotroped with pyridine (2×10 mL), dissolved in pyridine (10 mL) and diphenyl phosphite (85%, 410 μL, 1.83 mmol) was added in one portion. After stirring at ambient temperature for 20 minutes, TEA (0.9 mL) was added followed by water (0.9 mL) and the reaction was stirred for further 20 minutes. Resulting solution was diluted with DCM (200 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (2×100 mL). Organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Residue was purified on FCC (DCM/1% Et₃N-MeOH 0 to 20%). To a solution of obtained intermediate in DCM (10 mL) was added water (200 μL, 11.1 mmol) and a solution of DCA (452 μL, 5.5 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes, after which it was quenched with triethylsilane (4.8 mL). Reaction mixture was the stirred for 1 h and then pyridine (2 ml) was added and volatiles were evaporated. Purification on reverse phase FCC (ACN in water, 0-50%) afforded 41 as the triethylammonium salt: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.18 (s, 1H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.65 (s, 1H), 8.25-7.93 (m, 2H), 7.73-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.55 (dd, J=8.2, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 6.73 (dd, J=601.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (dt, J=52.4, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.26-5.13 (m, 1H), 4.64 (tt, J=11.3, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (qd, J=11.1, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.10-3.00 (m, 4H), 2.44-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.18 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 6H); ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 3.72; ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −195.36; ESI MS m/z (%): 436.1 (100) [M+H]; HRMS ESI (C₁₈H₂₀N₅O₅FP) calculated: 436.11806, found: 436.11748.

(1R,2S,3R,5R)-3-(6-benzamido-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy) methyl)-2-fluorocyclopentyl (2-cyanoethyl) diisopropylphosphoramidite (42): To a solution of Intermediate 40 (335 mg, 0.5 mmol) in dry DCE (5 mL) under argon atmosphere was added bis(diisopropylamino)(2-cyanoethoxy)phosphine (315 μL, 1 mmol) followed by a solution of tetrazole (0.45M in MeCN, 2.76 mL, 1.24 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. Resulting cloudy solution was diluted with DCM (50 mL), washed with saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃(2×20 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. Product was purified by flash chromatography on silica (acetone in cyclohexane, 0-70%) to afford 42 as a mixture of diastereomers after lyophilization from benzene: ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, Benzene-d₆) δ 152.92 (d, J=10.5 Hz), 152.67 (d, J=16.6 Hz).

Example 2. Preparation of Compound 101

A mixture of 18 (55 mg, 0.1 mmol) and pyridinium trifluoroacetate (29 mg, 0.15 mmol) was codistilled with dry ACN (3×3 mL), suspended in dry ACN (1 mL) and stirred overnight in a sealed vessel over activated molecular sieves (Scheme 6). In a separate flask, N-benzoyl-5′-O-[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl]-2′-O-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]-adenosine, 3′-[2-cyanoethyl N,N-bis(1-methylethyl)phosphoramidite (107 mg, 0.125 mmol, CAS #104992-55-4 purchased from Sigma-Aldrich) was codistilled with dry ACN (3×3 mL), dissolved in dry ACN (1 mL) and stirred overnight in a sealed vessel over activated molecular sieves. A solution of phosphoramidite was transferred via syringe to the flask with the suspension of 18 with py-TFA and the resulting solution was stirred for 1 hour at ambient temperature. TBHP (5.5M solution in decane, 55 μL, 0.3 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for further 30 minutes. Reaction mixture was quenched with NaHSO₃ (39% in water, 54 μL, 0.27 mmol), filtered and evaporated to afford crude linear dimer 43, which was used in the next reaction without further purification.

To a solution of crude 43 in DCM (3 mL) was added water (18 μL, 1 mmol) and a solution of DCA (74 μL, 0.9 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) dropwise. After stirring the reaction mixture for 30 minutes, TES (1.5 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for further 90 minutes, after which it was quenched by the addition of pyridine (1.5 mL). Volatiles were evaporated and crude 44 was codistilled with dry pyridine (3×3 mL) and used in the next reaction without further purification.

To a solution of crude 44 in pyridine (2 mL) was added DMOCP (65 mg, 0.35 mmol) and reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. Water (59 μL, 0.35 mmol) was added followed by iodine (34 mg, 0.13 mmol) and reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, after which it was cooled down to 0° C. and quenched by the addition of NaHSO₃ (39% in water, 49 μL, 0.25 mmol). Purification on reverse phase FCC (ACN in 50 mM aqueous NH₄HCO₃ 0-70%) afforded 45.

A solution of 45 (20 mg) in CH₃NH₂ (33% in ethanol, 1 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. Volatiles were evaporated and the residue was codistilled with pyridine (3×2 mL), dissolved in pyridine-TEA (1:1, v/v, 1 mL) and HF-TEA (160 μL, 1 mmol) was added dropwise. Reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 1 hour, quenched with 1M ammonium acetate (2 mL) and purified on preparative HPLC (ACN in 0.1M TEAB, 0-30%). Appropriate fractions were pooled, evaporated, codistilled with water (3×20 mL) and methanol (3×20 mL), dissolved in water (10 mL) and slowly passed through a 10 mL column of Dowex 50 (Na+ cycle). Freeze-drying the eluent afforded the sodium salt of the 2-amino-9-((2R,3R,3aS,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,5,10,12-tetrahydroxy-5,12-dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3, 2-j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclo-dodecin-9-yl)-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one (101): HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.80; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 6.19 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (td, J=8.7, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (dd, J=4.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (td, J=8.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (td, J=8.1, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (ddd, J=9.3, 2.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (dd, J=5.5, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (m, 1H), 4.40 (dt, J=12.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (ddd, J=12.0, 3.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dt, J=10.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (ddd, J=10.4, 4.8, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.57 (m, 1H), 2.44 (dt, J=13.8, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (ddd, J=13.8, 9.8, 8.5 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D20) δ 0.40, 0.07; MS (M−H)⁻ 671.1.

Example 3. Preparation of 3′3′ CDN Thiophosphate Compounds 102a-102d

A mixture of 41 (55 mg, 0.1 mmol) and pyridinium trifluoroacetate (29 mg, 0.15 mmol) was codistilled with dry MeCN (3×3 mL), suspended in dry MeCN (1 mL) and stirred overnight in a sealed vessel over activated molecular sieves. In a separate flask, N-benzoyl-5/-O-[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl]-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro adenosine, 3′[2-cyanoethyl N,N-bis(1-methylethyl)phosphoramidite (110 mg, 0.125 mmol, CAS #136834-22-5, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich) was codistilled with dry MeCN (3×3 mL), dissolved in dry MeCN (1 mL) and stirred overnight in a sealed vessel over activated molecular sieves. A solution of the commercial phosphoramidite was transferred via syringe to the flask with the suspension of 41 with py-TFA and the resulting solution was stirred for 1 hour at ambient temperature. 3-((N,N-dimethylaminomethylidene)amino)-3H-1,2,4-dithiazole-5-thione (23 mg, 0.11 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for further 30 minutes. Volatiles were evaporated to afford crude linear dimer 46, which was used in the next reaction without further purification.

To a solution of crude 46 in DCM (3 mL) was added water (18 μL, 1 mmol) and a solution of DCA (74 μL, 0.9 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) dropwise. After stirring the reaction mixture for 30 minutes, TES (1.5 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for further 90 minutes, after which it was quenched by the addition of pyridine (1.5 mL). Volatiles were evaporated and crude 47 was codistilled with dry pyridine (3×3 mL) and used in the next reaction without further purification.

To a solution of crude 47 in pyridine (2 mL) was added DMOCP (65 mg, 0.35 mmol) and reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. Water (18 μL, 1 mmol) was added followed by 3H-1,2-benzodithiol-3-one (25 mg, 0.15 mmol) and reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. Volatiles were evaporated and product was isolated on reverse phase FCC (MeCN in 50 mM aqueous NH₄HCO₃ 0-70%) to afford 48 as a mixture of diastereomers.

A solution of 48 (23 mg) in CH₃NH₂ (33% in ethanol, 1 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. Volatiles were evaporated and the product was purified on preparative HPLC (MeCN in 0.1M TEAB, 0-30%). After repeated freeze-drying of the pooled appropriate fractions to remove TEAB, Compounds 102a-102d were isolated as four diastereoisomers in a 10:9:37:44 ratio, respectively, in order of their elution from the HPLC column as triethylamine salts: 102a-102d: HPLC retention time (C₁₈, min): 2.23, 2.37, 2.49, 2.62, respectively.

The following compounds were synthesized according to synthetic methods described above. The compounds in the following examples were named using MarvinSketch (ChemAxon, Budapest, Hungary).

Example 4. Synthesis and Characterization of Exemplary Compounds of Formula (I)

The compounds shown below were synthesized according to the synthetic methods described above. NMR spectra were collected at 25° C.

Mass Example Structure/Name/Characterization [M − H]⁻ 102a

691.1 (2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)- 3,10-difluoro-5,12-dimercaptodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine 5,12-dioxide 102a: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.23 102b

691.1 (2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)- 3,10-difluoro-5,12-dimercaptodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine 5,12-dioxide 102b: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.37 102c

691.1 (2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H- purin-9-yl)-3,10-difluoro-5,12-dimercaptodecahydro-2H- cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine 5,12-dioxide 102c: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.49; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 6.54 (d, J = 14.3 Hz, 1H), 5.83 (dd, J = 50.7, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (d, J = 51.5 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (m, 1H), 4.75 (m, 1H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 4.56 (m, 1H), 4.54 (m, 1H), 4.21 (m, 1H), 4.08 (m, 1H), 4.06 (m, 1H), 2.86 (m, 1H), 2.70 (m, 1H), 2.28 (m, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 55.29, 54.68; ¹⁹F NMR (470 MHz, D₂O) δ −199.94, −195.80. 102d

691.1 (2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H- purin-9-yl)-3,10-difluoro-5,12-dimercaptodecahydro-2H- cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine 5,12-dioxide 102d: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.62; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 6.52 (d, J = 14.2 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (dd, J = 51.4, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (ddd, J = 51.1, 3.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (dddd, J = 16.5, 9.6, 4.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (dtd, J = 24.4, 9.5, 9.5, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (m, 1H), 4.65 (dt, J = 11.8, 1.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (m, 1H), 4.34 (dt, J = 10.5, 2.6, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (dd, J = 11.8, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (ddd, J = 10.5, 2.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (ddd, J = 15.5, 10.4, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (m, 1H), 2.34 (ddd, J = 15.5, 8.9, 4.2 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 56.39, 55.17; ¹⁹F NMR (470 MHz, D₂O) δ −198.60, −195.30. 103

673.1 2-amino-9-((2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2-(6-amino- 9H-purin-9-yl)-3-fluoro-5,10,12-trihydroxy-5,12- dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecin-9-yl)-1,9- dihydro-6H-purin-6-one prepared from Intermediate 18 and a commercial phosphoramidite 103: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.69; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 6.48 (d, J = 16.7 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (dd, J = 51.9, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (dddd, J = 24.4, 9.3, 8.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (td, J = 8.6, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (td, J = 8.1, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (ddd, J = 9.3, 2.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (dd, J = 5.5, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (dd, J = 12.2, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (ddd, J = 12.2, 3.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (dt, J = 10.5, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (ddd, J = 10.5, 4.5, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.45 (dt, J = 13.8, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.20 (ddd, J = 13.8, 10.5, 8.6 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.14, −0.12; ¹⁹F NMR (470 MHz, D₂O) δ −198.2. 104

656.1 9-((2R,3R,3a5,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin- 9-yl)-3,5,10,12-tetrahydroxy-5,12-dioxidodecahydro-2H- cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecin-9-yl)-1,9- dihydro-6H-purin-6-one 104: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.60; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 6.20 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (td, J = 8.7, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (td, J = 8.6, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (dd, J = 4.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (ddd, J = 8.6, 7.4, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (dd, J = 5.8, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (m, 1H), 4.39 (dt, J = 12.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (ddd, J = 12.0, 3.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (dt, J = 10.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (ddd, J = 10.4, 5.1, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.61 (m, 1H), 2.54 (dt, J = 13.6, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.08 (ddd, J = 13.6, 10.0, 8.7 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.41, 0.20. 105

673.1 2-amino-9-((2R,3S,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2-(6-amino- 9H-purin-9-yl)-3-fluoro-5,10,12-trihydroxy-5,12- dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecin-9-yl)-1,9- dihydro-6H-purin-6-one 105: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.62; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 6.59 (dd, J = 13.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (ddd, J = 51.4, 4.7, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (dddd, J = 20.5, 9.2, 6.5, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (ddd, J = 10.2, 8.3, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (dd, J = 8.5, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (m, 1H), 4.26 (dt, J = 11.5, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (dt, J =11.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (dt, J = 10.3, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (ddd, J = 10.3, 6.1, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (m, 1H), 2.44 (dt, J = 13.5, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 2.01 (dt, J = 13.5, 10.2 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.64, 0.55; ¹⁹F NMR (470 MHz, D₂O) δ −193.3. 106

655.1 2-amino-9-((2R,3aS,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2-(6-amino-9H- purin-9-yl)-5,10,12-trihydroxy-5,12-dioxidodecahydro-2H- cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecin-9-yl)-1,9- dihydro-6H-purin-6-one prepared from Intermediate 18 and a commercial phosphoramidite 106: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.67; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 6.51 (dd, J = 7.3, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (pent, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (ddd, J = 9.3, 8.5, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (td, J = 7.8, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (m, 1H), 4.18 (m, 2H), 4.07 (dt, J = 10.3, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (ddd, J = 10.3, 5.0, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (ddd, J = 14.1, 7.4, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.81 (dt, J = 14.1, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 2.57 (m, 1H), 2.45 (dt, J = 13.6, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (ddd, J = 13.6, 10.3, 9.3 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.75, 0.43. 107

658.1 9-((2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin- 9-yl)-3-fluoro-5,10,12-trihydroxy-5,12-dioxidodecahydro-2H- cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecin-9-yl)-1,9- dihydro-6H-purin-6-one 107: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.43; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.25 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 6.49 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (dd, J = 51.9, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (dtd, J = 23.8, 9.0, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (td, J = 8.5, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (td, J = 8.0, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (m, 1H), 4.43 (m, 1H), 4.23 (ddd, J = 12.1, 3.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (dt, J = 10.5, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (ddd, J = 10.5, 4.7, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (m, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.15, −0.03; ¹⁹F NMR (470 MHz, D₂O) δ −197.8. 108

671.1 2-amino-9-((2R,3R,3aS,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-9-(6-amino- 9H-purin-9-yl)-3,5,10,12-tetrahydroxy-5,12- dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraox[2,8]diphosphacyclododecin-2-yl)-1,9- dihydro-6H-purin-6-one 108: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.79; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 5.98 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (td, J = 8.5, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (td, J = 8.2, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (dd, J = 4.9, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (ddd, J = 8.3, 7.5, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (t, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (dt, J = 8.5, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (dt, J = 11.9, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (ddd, J = 11.9, 3.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (dt, J = 10.3, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (ddd, J = 10.3, 4.8, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (m, 1H), 2.58 (dt, J = 13.4, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.07 (ddd, J = 13.4, 9.1, 7.9 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.38, 0.23. 109

673.1 2-amino-9-((2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-9-(6-amino- 9H-purin-9-yl)-3-fluoro-5,10,12-trihydroxy-5,12- dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecin-2-yl)-1,9- dihydro-6H-purin-6-one 109: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.71; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 6.28 (d, J = 19.1 Hz, 1H), 5.51 (dd, J = 52.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (m, 1H), 4.88 (td, J = 8.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (td, J = 8.0, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (dq, J = 9.2, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (m, 1H), 4.19 (ddd, J = 12.1, 3.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (dt, J = 10.5, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dt, J = 10.5, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.61 (m, 1H), 2.59 (m, 1H), 2.12 (m, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.08, 0.01; ¹⁹F NMR (470 MHz, D₂O) δ −196.6. 110

655.1 2-amino-9-((2R,3a5,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-9-(6-amino-9H- purin-9-yl)-5,10,12-trihydroxy-5,12-dioxidodecahydro-2H- cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecin-2-yl)-1,9- dihydro-6H-purin-6-one 110: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.74; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 6.32 (dd, J = 7.5, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (m, 1H), 4.89 (td, J = 8.3, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (ddd, J = 8.4, 7.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (m, 1H), 4.18 (ddd, J = 11.5, 4.3, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (ddd, J = 11.5, 4.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (dt, J = 10.4, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (ddd, J = 10.4, 4.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.96 (ddd, J = 14.0, 7.5, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (ddd, J = 14.0, 7.5, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (m, 1H), 2.57 (dt, J = 13.6, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.09 (ddd, J = 13.6, 9.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.62, 0.58. 111

673.1 2-amino-9-((2R,3S,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-9-(6-amino- 9H-purin-9-yl)-3-fluoro-5,10,12-trihydroxy-5,12- dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecin-2-yl)-1,9- dihydro-6H-purin-6-one 111: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.76; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.05 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (dd, J = 14.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (ddd, J = 51.5, 4.8, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (dddd, J = 20.7, 8.3, 6.4, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (td, J = 8.6, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (ddd, J = 8.7, 6.5, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (m, 1H), 4.22 (m, 2H), 4.10 (dt, J = 10.3, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (ddd, J = 10.3, 5.5, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.64 (m, 1H), 2.56 (dt, J = 13.6, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.06 (ddd, J = 13.6, 10.1, 8.6 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.59, 0.34; ¹⁹F NMR (470 MHz, D₂O) δ −192.6. 112

671.1 2-amino-9-((2R,3S,3aS,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-9-(6-amino- 9H-purin-9-yl)-3,5,10,12-tetrahydroxy-5,12- dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecin-2-yl)-1,9- dihydro-6H-purin-6-one 112: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.87; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 6.30 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (td, J = 8.5, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (m, 1H), 4.77 (m, 1H), 4.66 (ddd, J = 8.3, 6.7, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (m, 2H), 4.21 (dt, J = 12.7, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (dt, J = 10.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (ddd, J = 10.4, 5.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.64 (m, 1H), 2.59 (ddd, J = 13.6, 9.2, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.08 (ddd, J = 13.6, 9.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 1.39, 0.51. 113

671.1 2-amino-9-((2R,3S,3a5,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2-(6-amino- 9H-purin-9-yl)-3,5,10,12-tetrahydroxy-5,12- dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecin-9-yl)-1,9- dihydro-6H-purin-6-one 113: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.84; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 6.49 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (ddd, J = 7.9, 7.5, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (ddd, J = 9.8, 8.2, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (dt, J = 8.6, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (dd, J = 6.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (m, 1H), 4.26 (dt, J = 11.6, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (ddd, J = 11.6, 3.6, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dt, J = 10.3, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (ddd, J = 10.3, 6.3, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (m, 1H), 2.45 (dt, J = 13.5, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 1.98 (dt, J = 13.5, 10.1 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 1.40, 0.54. 114

685.1 2-amino-9-((2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-9-(6-amino- 9H-purin-9-yl)-5,10,12-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-5,12- dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecin-2-yl)-1,9- dihydro-6H-purin-6-one 114: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.56; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 6.06 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (td, J = 8.6, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (td, J = 8.3, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (ddd, J = 8.4, 7.4, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (t, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (dd, J = 5.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (m, 1H), 4.34 (dt, J = 11.7, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (ddd, J = 11.7, 3.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (dt, J = 10.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (ddd, J = 10.4, 4.1, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 2.57 (dt, J = 13.5, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.06 (ddd, J = 13.5, 9.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.21, 0.12. 115

655.1 (6R,8R,15R,17R)-17-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin- 9-yl)-8-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,9,12-trihydroxy- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane-3,12-dione 115: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.68; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.50 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 6.21 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (m, 1H), 4.90 (td, J = 8.8, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (m, 1H), 4.71 (dd, J = 4.7, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 4.38 (m, 1H), 4.17 (ddd, J = 12.0, 3.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dt, J = 10.3, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (ddd, J = 10.3, 4.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.49 (m, 1H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 2.44 (m, 2H), 2.07 (m, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.57, 0.08. 116

657.1 (6R,8R,15R,17R)-17-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin- 9-yl)-8-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-9-fluoro-3,12-dihydroxy- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane-3,12-dione synthesized from Intermediates 27 and N-benzoyl-5′-O-[bis(4- methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl]-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro adenosine, 3′-[2-cyanoethyl N,N-bis(1-methylethyl)phosphoramidite using the method described in Example 2 116: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.57; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 6.47 (d, J = 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (dd, J = 51.8, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (dddd, J = 23.8, 6.8, 6.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (m, 1H), 4.77 (m, 1H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 4.41 (dd, J = 12.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (ddd, J = 12.2, 4.1, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (dt, J = 10.4, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (ddd, J = 10.4, 4.3, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 2.49 (m, 1H), 2.43 (m, 3H), 2.10 (m, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.27, 0.01; ¹⁹F NMR (470 MHz, D₂O) δ −198.1. 117

639.1 (6R,8R,15R,17R)-17-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin- 9-yl)-8-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,12-dihydroxy-2,4,7,11,13- pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane- 3,12-dione 117: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.59; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 6.49 (dd, J = 7.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (m, 1H), 4.94 (m, 1H), 4.78 (m, 1H), 4.30 (dddd, J = 7.1, 2.9, 2.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (dt, J = 11.8, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (ddd, J = 11.8, 4.3, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (dt, J = 10.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (ddd, J = 10.2, 4.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (ddd, J = 14.0, 7.5, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.82 (dt, J = 14.0, 8.0, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.47 (m, 2H), 2.45 (m, 2H), 2.03 (m, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.85, 0.22. 118

685.1 (6R,8R,15R,17R)-17-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin- 9-yl)-8-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,12,18-trihydroxy-9- methoxy-2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane-3,12-dione 118: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.53; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 6.28 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (td, J = 8.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (td, J = 8.7, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (dd, J = 5.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (m, 1H), 4.38 (m, 1H), 4.36 (dd, J = 4.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (ddd, J = 11.5, 3.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (dt, J = 10.5, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (ddd, J = 10.5, 4.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.44 (dt, J = 13.8, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.16 (ddd, J = 13.8, 10.5, 8.6 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.21, 0.08. 119

641.1 (2R, 3R, 3aR, 7aR, 9R, 10aS, 14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H- purin-9-yl)-3-fluoro-5,12-dihydroxydecahydro-2H- cyclopeanta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine 5,12-dioxide synthesized from Intermediates 32 and N-benzoyl-5′-O-[bis(4- methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl]-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro adenosine, 3′-[2-cyanoethyl N,N-bis(1-methylethyl)phosphoramidite using the method described in Example 2 119: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.08; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.50 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 6.51 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (dd, J = 51.7, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (dddd, J = 8.6, 8.0, 5.4, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (dddd, J = 24.2, 9.6, 8.3, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (m, 1H), 4.58 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (dd, J = 12.1, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (ddd, J =12.1, 3.6, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (dt, J = 10.3, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (ddd, J = 10.3, 3.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (ddd, J = 14.5, 9.9, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (ddd, J = 14.0, 6.7, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (m, 1H), 2.43 (ddd, J = 14.0, 8.6, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.19 (ddd, J = 14.5, 9.7, 5.4 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.08, −0.12; ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −198.73. 120

659.1 (2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H- purin-9-yl)-3,10-difluoro-5,12-dihydroxydecahydro-2H- cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine 5,12-dioxide synthesized from Intermediates 41 and N-benzoyl-5′-O-[bis(4- methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl]-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro adenosine, 3′-[2-cyanoethyl N,N-bis(1-methylethyl)phosphoramidite using the method described in Example 2 120: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.06; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 15.0 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (dd, J = 51.7, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (ddd, J = 51.2, 3.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (dddd, J = 19.0, 9.4, 5.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (dddd, J = 24.3, 9.5, 8.2, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (dddd, J = 24.7, 10.4, 8.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (ddd, J = 9.5, 2.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (bdd, J = 12.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (ddd, J = 12.1, 3.7, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (bdt, J = 10.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (dt, J = 10.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (dt, J = 15.0, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (m, 1H), 2.36 (ddd, J = 15.0, 9.2, 5.1 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −0.16, −0.74; ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −198.92, −194.37. 121

657.1 (2R,3S,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H- purin-9-yl)-3,10-difluoro-5,12- dihydroxydodecahydrodicyclopenta[d,j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]- diphosphacyclododecine 5,12-dioxide synthesized from Intermediates 41 and 42 using the method described in Example 2 121: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 3.99; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 5.36 (ddd, J = 51.0, 3.4, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (dddd, J = 16.1, 9.6, 3.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (m, 1H), 4.27 (m, 2H), 2.95 (ddd, J = 15.8, 11.0, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (ddd, J = 15.8, 8.6, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (m, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −0.16; ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −196.00. 122

689.1 9,9′-((2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-3-fluoro-5,10,12- trihydroxy-5,12-dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine-2,9-diyl)bis(2- amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one) 122: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 5.18; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 6.27 (d, J = 19.0 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (dd, J = 52.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (dddd, J = 22.8, 9.1, 8.5, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (ddd, J = 9.1, 8.8, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (td, J = 8.1, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (dt, J = 12.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (ddd, J = 12.2, 3.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (dt, J = 10.5, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (dt, J = 10.5, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.45 (dt, J = 13.6, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.09 (ddd, J = 13.6, 10.4, 9.1 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.19, 0.15; ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −196.75. 123

669.1 9,9′-((2R,3S,3aR,7aR,9R,10aS,14aR)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-5,12- dioxidododecahydrodicyclopenta[d,j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]- diphospha-cyclododecine-2,9-diyl)bis(2-amino-1,9-dihydro- 6H-purin-6-one): HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 5.14. 124

641.1 (2R,3aS,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin- 9-yl)-10-fluoro-5,12-dihydroxydecahydro-2H- cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine 5,12-dioxide 124: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.13; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J = 7.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (dddd, J = 20.2, 9.0, 5.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (ddd, J = 51.2, 4.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (m, J = 9.3, 7.8, 7.8, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (dddd, J = 23.4, 7.9, 5.9, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (m, 1H), 4.31 (m, 1H), 4.27 (dt, J = 10.3, 2.3, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (m, 1H), 4.17 (ddd, J = 10.3, 4.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (ddd, J = 13.8, 9.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (ddd, J = 13.8, 9.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.78 (ddd, J = 14.4, 10.0, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (m, J = 10.0, 9.4, 7.9, 2.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 2.35 (ddd, J = 14.4, 9.4, 5.8 Hz, 1H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −0.57, 0.42; ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −193.57. 125

621.1 (2R,3aS,7aR,9R,10aS,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)- 5,12-dihydroxydodecahydrodicyclopenta[d,j][1,3,7,9]- tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine 5,12-dioxide 125: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.05; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.37 (s, 2H), 8.04 (s, 2H), 5.12 (dddd, J = 9.0, 8.1, 5.5, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 4.81 (m, 2H), 4.22 (dt, J = 10.2, 2.5, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (ddd, J = 10.2, 3.3, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 2.72 (ddd, J = 14.7, 9.5, 9.0 Hz, 2H), 2.63 (ddd, J = 13.7, 6.7, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 2.51 (m, 2H), 2.44 (dt, J = 13.7, 8.1, 8.1 Hz, 2H), 2.18 (ddd, J = 14.7, 9.7, 5.5 Hz, 2H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.58. 126

623.1 (2R,3aS,7aR,9R,10aS,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)- 5,12-dihydroxydecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine 5,12-dioxide 126: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.06; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 6.49 (dd, J = 7.2, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (dddd, J = 8.6, 7.6, 7.0, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (ddt, J = 8.8, 7.7, 7.7, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (m, 1H), 4.32 (m, 1H), 4.27 (ddd, J = 11.8, 2.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (ddd, J = 11.8, 4.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dt, J = 10.3, 2.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (ddd, J = 10.3, 4.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (ddd, J = 14.0, 7.2, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (ddd, J = 14.0, 8.8, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (dt, J = 14.0, 8.6, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.61 (ddd, J = 13.8, 6.8, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (m, 1H), 2.47 (dt, J = 13.8, 7.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.13 (ddd, J = 14.0, 10.2, 7.0 Hz, 1H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.06, 0.68. 127

659.1 (1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18R)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H- purin-9-yl)-9,18-difluoro-3,12-dihydroxy-2,4,7,11,13- pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane- 3,12-dione 127: HPLC retention time (HILIC, min): 4.00; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.42 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 6.49 (d, J = 17 .5 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (dd, J = 51.9, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (ddd, J = 51.1, 5.0, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (dddd, J = 25.0, 11.9, 7.1, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (dtd, J = 27.7, 9.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (dddd, J = 22.6, 8.8, 6.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (ddd, J = 12.1, 3.4, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (dt, J = 10.3, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (ddd, J = 10.3, 5.2, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.55 (m, 1H), 2.52 (dt, J = 12.2, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.41 (q, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, D₂O) δ 0.29, −0.54; ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −197.30, −187.86. 128a

689.1 (1R,6R,8R,9S,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin- 9-yl)-9,18-difluoro-3,12-disulfanyl-2,4,11,13-tetraoxa- 3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane-3,12-dione 128a: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.35. 128b

689.1 (1R,6R,8R,9S,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin- 9-yl)-9,18-difluoro-3,12-disulfanyl-2,4,11,13-tetraoxa- 3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane-3,12-dione 128b: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.50; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.38 (s, 2H), 8.06 (s, 2H), 5.34 (ddd, J = 51.0, 3.5, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 5.20 (dddd, J = 16.6, 9.5, 4.0, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 4.86 (dtd, J = 25.5, 10.1, 10.1, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 4.36 (dt, J = 10.5, 2.8, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 4.17 (ddd, J = 10.5, 2.8, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 2.91 (ddd, J = 15.6, 10.9, 9.5 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (m, 2H), 2.33 (ddd, J = 15.6, 8.6, 4.0 Hz, 2H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, D₂O) δ 55.71; ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −195.07. 129a

689.1 (1S,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R)-17-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro- 1H-purin-9-yl)-8-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-9-fluoro-3,12- disulfanyl-2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyc1o[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane-3,12-dione synthesized according to the protocol described above for Compounds 102a-102d. Four diastereomers 129a-129d were isolated in 8:9:41:42 ratio from HPLC: 129a: retention time (C18, min): 2.26. 129b

689.1 (1S,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R)-17-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro- 1H-purin-9-yl)-8-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-9-fluoro-3,12- disulfanyl-2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octacecane-3,12-dione synthesized according to the protocol described above for Compounds 102a-102d. Four diastereomers 129a-129d were isolated in 8:9:41:42 ratio from HPLC: 129b: retention time (C18, min): 2.36. 129c

689.1 (1S,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R)-17-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro- 1H-purin-9-yl)-8-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-9-fluoro-3,12- disulfanyl-2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane-3,12-dione 129c: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.44; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 6.45 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.65 (dd, J = 51.6, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (dddd, J = 26.2, 12.8, 9.4, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (m, 1H), 4.84 (m, 1H), 4.58 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (dt, 11.9, 2.5, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (ddd, J = 11.9, 3.9, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (dt, J = 10.0, 3.2, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (ddd, J = 10.0, 7.0, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.52 (m, 2H), 2.47 (m, 2H), 1.87 (m, 1H); ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, D₂O) δ 56.99, 54.72; ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −197.88. 129d

689.1 (1S,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R)-17-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro- 1H-purin-9-yl)-8-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-9-fluoro-3,12- disulfanyl-2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane-3,12-dione 129d: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.58; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 6.45 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (dd, J = 51.6, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (dtd, J = 23.6, 9.5, 9.5, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (m, 2H), 4.54 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (dt, J = 12.5, 2.3, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (ddd, J = 12.5, 4.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (ddd, J = 10.3, 4.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (ddd, J = 10.3, 5.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (m, 1H), 2.46 (m, 3H), 2.02 (m, 1H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, D₂O) δ 56.23, 54.74; ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −197.19. 130a

675.1 (1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin- 9-yl)-9,18-difluoro-12-hydroxy-3-sulfanyl-2,4,7,11,13- pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane- 3,12-dione 130a: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.38. ¹H NMR (501 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 14.3 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (dd, J = 51.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (ddd, J = 51.2, 3.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (dddd, J = 16.6, 9.7, 4.0, 1.5, Hz, 1H), 4.89 (dtd, J = 24.4, 8.9, 3.3, Hz, 1H), 4.78 (m, 1H), 4.66 (dt, J = 12.0, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (dt, J = 8.9, 1.9, 1.0, Hz, 1H), 4.24 (bd, J = 10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (bdd, J = 12.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (dt, J = 10.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (ddd, J = 15.6, 10.7, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (bq, J = 10.7, 8.9, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (ddd, J = 15.6, 8.7, 4.0 Hz, 1H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 55.30, −0.29. ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −195.13, −199.19. 130b

675.1 (1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin- 9-yl)-9,18-difluoro-12-hydroxy-3-sulfanyl-2,4,7,11,13- pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane- 3,12-dione 130b: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.40. ¹H NMR (501 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s,1H), 6.52 (d, J = 14.3 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (dd, J = 51.5, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (ddd, J = 51.0, 3.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (dddd, J = 16.9, 9.6, 4.1, 1.6, Hz, 1H), 4.85 (m, 1H), 4.75 (m, 1H), 4.64 (dt, J = 11.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (dt, J = 9.5, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (bd, J = 10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (bdd, J = 11.6, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (dt, J = 10.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (ddd, J = 15.5, 10.8, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (bq, J = 10.8, 8.9, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (ddd, J = 15.5, 8.8, 4.1 Hz, 1H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 55.16, −0.30. ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −194.65, −199.10. 131

675.1 (1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9- dihydro-1H-purin-9-yl)-17-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-9,18- difluoro-3,12-dihydroxy-2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane-3,12-dione: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 1.97. 132a

707.1 (1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H- purin-9-yl)-17-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-9,18-difluoro-3,12-disulfanyl- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane- 3,12-dione 132a: HPLC retention time (C18, mm): 2.41. Mixture of diastereomers 3:1. 132b

707.1 (1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9- dihydro-1H-purin-9-yl)-17-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-9,18- difluoro-3,12-disulfanyl-2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane-3,12-dione HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.56. 141a

675.1 (1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin- 9-yl)-9,18-difluoro-12-hydroxy-3-sulfanyl-2,4,7,11,13- pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane- 3,12-dione 141a: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.49; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.33 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 6.46 (d, J = 16.6 Hz, 1H), 5.52 (dd, J = 51.9, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (ddd, J = 51.0, 5.2, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (dddd, J = 22.6, 9.7, 7.4, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (dtd, J = 23.8, 9.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (tdd, J = 10.3, 7.0, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (dt, J = 11.6, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (ddd, J = 9.0, 2.5, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (ddd, J = 11.6, 3.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (dt, J = 10.5, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (ddd, J = 12.8, 8.6, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (m, 1H), 2.41 (dt, J = 12.8, 9.8 Hz, 1H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, D₂O) δ 54.90, 0.12; ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −189.36, −198.10. 141b

675.1 (1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin- 9-yl)-9,18-difluoro-12-hydroxy-3-sulfanyl-2,4,7,11,13- pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane- 3,12-dione 141b: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.51; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, D₂O) δ 8.59 (s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 6.46 (d, J = 16.6 Hz, 1H), 5.51 (dd, J = 51.9, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (ddd, J = 50.5, 4.4, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (dtd, J = 23.4, 9.0, 9.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (dddd, J = 23.6, 11.5, 7.3, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (m, 1H), 4.54 (ddd, J = 9.0, 2.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (dt, J = 11.8, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (ddd, J = 11.8, 3.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (dt, J = 10.3, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (ddd, J = 10.3, 6.2, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.61 (m, 1H), 2.54 (dt, J = 12.5, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (q, J = 11.5 Hz,1H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, D₂O) δ 55.75, 0.44; ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, D₂O) δ −187.65, −198.14. 142a

707.1 (1R,6R,8R,10S,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-18- fluoro-3,12-disulfanyl-2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane-3,12-dione 132b: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.56. ¹H NMR (501 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 6.48 (dd, J = 7.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (ddd, J = 51.0, 3.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (dddd, J = 18.0, 9.5, 5.5, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (dddd, J = 10.9, 9.3, 8.0, 6.8, Hz, 1H), 4.81 (m, 1H), 4.42 (dt, J = 11.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (dddd, J = 8.0, 3.0, 2.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dt, J = 10.2, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (ddd, J = 11.7, 4.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (ddd, J = 10.2, 2.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (ddd, J = 13.8, 6.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (ddd, J = 13.8, 9.3, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.80 (dt, J = 14.5, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (bq, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.31 (ddd, J = 14.5, 9.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 55.79, 55.25. ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −194.55. 142b

707.1 (1R,6R,8R,10S,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-18-fluoro- 3,12-disulfanyl-2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane-3,12-dione 132b: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 2.56. ¹H NMR (501 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 6.48 (dd, J = 7.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (ddd, J = 51.1, 3.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (dddd, J = 17.5, 9.3, 4.7, 2.0, Hz, 1H), 5.11 (ddt, J = 9.8, 8.3, 6.5, Hz, 1H), 4.85 (ddd, J = 19.5, 9.5, 3.5, Hz, 1H), 4.46 (dt, J = 11.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (dtd, J = 8.3, 2.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (dt, J = 10.3, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (ddd, J = 11.8, 4.9, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (ddd, J = 10.3, 3.0, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (ddd, J = 13.3, 6.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (ddd, J = 13.6, 9.8, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (dt, J = 15.0, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (bq, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (ddd, J = 15.0, 8.8, 4.7 Hz, 1H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 55.95, 55.25. ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −194.77.

Example 5. Synthesis and Characterization of Carbaadenosine 5′-Triphosphate

((1R,2R,3S,4R)-4-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,3-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclopentyl)methanol (1001): A solution of 6 (1.03 g, 2 mmol) in ethanolic ammonia (3.5 M, 10 mL) in a sealed vessel was heated in a microwave reactor at 140° C. for 1 hour. Volatiles were evaporated and FCC (MeOH in DCM, 5-2° %) afforded 1001 (0.81 g, 81%): 694.81 [M+H]⁺ (ESI); ¹H NMR (401 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.20 (s, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.15 (bs, 2H), 4.92 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (q, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (dd, J=9.4, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (ddd, J=10.7, 7.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (dt, J=11.0, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.28 (dt, J=13.4, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 2.12-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.89 (ddd, J=14.0, 9.4, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 0.92 and 0.64 (s, 9H), 0.11, 0.08, −0.19, −0.60 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 156.17, 152.12, 149.77, 140.94, 119.81, 76.03, 74.56, 63.33, 59.25, 46.04, 27.78, 26.03, 25.70, 18.00, 17.60, −4.28, −4.36, −4.54, −5.68.

Aristeromycin (1002): To a solution of 1001 (0.81 g, 1.6 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added TBAF (1 M in THF, 5 mL) and resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 24 hours. Volatiles were evaporated and FCC (hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) mode, SiO₂, water in ACN, 10-50%) afforded 1002. NMR spectra match literature data (Tetrahedron 58 (2002) 9889-9895).

((1R,2R,3S,4R)-4-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,3-dihydroxycyclopentyl)methyl trisodium hydrogen triphosphate (1003): To a solution of 1002 (50 mg, 0.19 mmol) in dry Trimethyl phosphate (0.7 mL) at 0° C. under argon atmosphere was added freshly distilled POCl₃ (0.023 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at this temperature for 2 hours. A solution of tributylammonium pyrophosphate (517 mg, 0.94 mmol) and Bu₃N (0.211 mL) in DMF (2 mL) was added and stirring was continued at −5° C. for 2 hours. TEAB (2 M in water, 4 mL) was added to quench the reaction and preparative HPLC (0.1 M TEAB in water to ACN, 0-30%) afforded 1003 as a triethylammonium salt, which was subsequently turned to sodium salt using DOWEX 50W (Nat cycle) to afford the desired compound: HRMS ESI (C₁₁N₁₉O₁₂N₅P₃) calculated: 506.0243; found: 506.0252; ¹H NMR (401 MHz, D20) δ 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 4.89-4.80 (m, 1H), 4.50 (dd, J=9.4, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=5.8, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.19-4.10 (m, 1H), 4.09-4.00 (m, 1H), 2.60-2.49 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.38 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.74 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, D20) δ 155.03, 151.87, 149.18, 140.46, 118.36, 75.42, 71.13, 66.98 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1C), 58.56, 43.21 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1C), 28.47; ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, D20) 6-6.63 (d, J=18.3 Hz, 1P), −8.08 (d, J=19.4 Hz, 1P), −19.78 (t, J=18.8 Hz, 1P).

Example 6. Enzymatic Preparation of 3′3′ CDNs

2′-Fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine-5′-Triphosphate (cat. #N-1007) was purchased from TriLink Biotechnologies (San Diego, USA).

1 μmol of 2′-Fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine-5′-Triphosphate and 1 μmol of Carbaadenosine 5′-Triphosphate (1003) as described above or 2 μmol of Carbaadenosine 5′-Triphosphate, were dissolved in 500 μl 50 mM HEPES K buffer containing pH 8.0, 10 mM MgCl₂, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT, 20 μM BMB171 Diadenylate Cyclase and incubated at 50° C. overnight on a shaker. The reaction mixtures were spun 25,000 g for 20 minutes and supernatants were passed through 3,000 Da filter concentrator (cat. #88512, ThermoFisher, Waltham, USA). Triethyl ammonium bicarbonate buffer (TEAB, cat. #T7408, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic) was added to the flow through fractions to 0.1 M final concentration. The samples were then purified on semipreparative C18 column (Luna 5 C18 250×10 mm) using 50 min gradient of 0-10% ACN in 0.1M TEAB (3 mL/min). TEAB was removed from the collected fractions by 3 cycles of evaporation/dissolving in 50% methanol and evaporates were dissolved in endotoxin free water (cat. #TMS-011-A, Merck Millipore, Prague, Czech Republic). The identification of CDNs was performed on Alliance HT chromatographic system (2795 separation module, 2996 PDA detector, Micromass ZQ mass detector, Waters, Milford, USA) using SeQuant ZIC-pHILIC column (cat #150461, 150×4.6 mm, 5 μm polymer, Merck Millipore, Prague, Czech Republic) and 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer pH 7.0 with linear gradient of acetonitrile (90% to 50% in 20 min; flow 0.6 mL per minute). Negative ESI method was used for ionization; negatively charged and double-negatively charged ions of CDNs were detected.

Mass Compound Structure/Name [M − H]⁻ 133

653.1 (2R,3S,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin- 9-yl)-3,5,10,12- tetrahydroxydodecahydrodicyclopenta[d,j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]- diphosphacyclododecine 5,12-dioxide 134

657.4 (1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9- yl)-9-fluoro-3,12,18-trihydroxy-2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecane-3,12-dione

Example 7. Synthesis and Characterization of 3′3′ CDN Prodrugs

Method A: CDN (1 umol, TEA salt) in dry MeOH (1000 uL) was treated with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (2 umol, 1M solution in MeOH, 2 uL) at RT and stirred for 30 min. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was codistilled with dry toluene (1×500 uL) and dry ACN (2×500 uL). The residue in dry ACN (700 uL) was treated with pivaloyloxymethyl iodide (10 umol, 2.64 uL, J. E. Coughlin et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20 (2010) 1783-1786) under argon atmosphere at RT for 9 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with 1 ml of 50% H₂O/ACN and further diluted with 3 ml of water and directly applied to the HPLC column (HPLC Method 1). Fractions containing product were pooled, evaporated and freeze-dried from dioxane.

HPLC method 1

Time (min) Flow (mL/min) H₂O (%) 1:1 H₂O/ACN (%) ACN (%) 0 1 100 — — 3 1 100 — — 10 3 100 — — 40 3 — 100 — 55 3 — — 100 60 3 — — 100

Preparative HPLC purifications were performed on Waters Delta 600 chromatography system with columns packed with C₁₈ reversed phase resin (XTerra® Prep RP18 Column, 5 μm, 10×100 mm). In all methods were used linear gradients.

Method B: Cyclic dinucleotide (1 μmol, Et₃NH⁺ or Na⁺ salt) in 50% aqueous ACN (800 μL) was treated with pivaloyloxymethyl iodide (10 umol, 2.64 uL, J. E. Coughlin et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20 (2010) 1783-1786) at room temperature overnight to form the corresponding prodrug. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (3 mL) and directly applied to HPLC column and purified using HPLC method 2. Fractions containing the product were freeze dried.

HPLC Method 2

Time (min) Flow (mL/min) H₂O (%) 1:1 H₂O/ACN (%) ACN (%) 0 3 80 20 — 10 3 80 20 — 30 3 — 100 — 50 3 — 50 50 60 3 — — 100

Preparative HPLC purifications were performed on Waters Delta 600 chromatography system with columns packed with C18 reversed phase resin (XTerra® Prep RP18 Column, 5 μm, 10×100 mm). In all methods were used linear gradients.

The C18 analytical HPLC method described above was used for standard analysis.

The following compounds were synthesized using the aforementioned methods using the compounds described above.

Precursor Compound Prodrug Compound(s) 102d 140 106 139a and 139b 119 137a and 137b 120 135a, 136b-d, 143a-b, 144a-c 145a-c, and 146a-c 121 138a and 138b 128 147 129d 148 130a 149a 130b 149b 132a 150a 132b 150b 142b 151

TABLE 1 Exemplary compounds and characterization data (M + H)⁺ calcd/ Compound Structure/Data found 135a

774.2

135a: (((2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,10- difluoro-12-hydroxy-5,12-dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecin-5-yl)oxy)methyl pivalate: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.23, 3.26. 136b

888.3 136b: (((2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,10- difluoro-5,12-dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine-5,12-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene) bis(2,2- dimethylpropanoate): HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.67. 136c

888.3 136c: (((2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,10- difluoro-5,12-dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2- j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine-5,12-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene) bis(2,2- dimethylpropanoate): HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.80. 136d

888.3 136d: (((2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,10- difluoro-5,12-dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2-j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]- diphosphacyclododecine-5,12-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene) bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate): HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.85; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 8.31 (s, 2H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.39 (br s, 2H), 7.31 (br s, 2H), 6.40 (dd, J = 19.6, J = 2.2, 1H), 5.92 (m, 2H), 5.78 (m, 2H), 5.60-5.71 (m, 4H), 5.49 (dt, J = 51.3, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.12-5.24 (m, 2H), 4.24- 4.43 (m, 5H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 2.72 (m, 1H), 1.95 (m, 1H) 1.18 (s, 9H), 1.11 (s, 9H); ³¹P NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ −1.93 (s, 1P); −2.66 (s, 1P); ¹⁹F NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ −191.17 (ddd, J = 51.2, 23.1, 11.4 Hz, 1F), −197.71 (dt, J = 51.0, 18.6 Hz, 1F). 137a

871.6 137a: (((2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10aS,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-fluoro-5,12- dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2-j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]di- phosphacyclododecine-5,12-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene) bis(2,2-dimethylpropanate): HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.93. 137b

871.5 137b: (((2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10aS,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-fluoro-5,12- dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2-j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]di- phosphacyclododecine-5,12-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene) bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate): HPLC retention time (C18, min): 4.14; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.41 (bs, 2H), 7.26 (bs, 2H), 6.39 (dd, J = 19.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.77-5.91 (m, 2H), 5.58-5.71 (m, 4H), 5.11 (m, 1H), 5.05 (m, 1H), 4.31-4.41 (m, 2H), 4.17- 4.22 (m, 3H), 2.35-2.70 (m, 4H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.18 (s, 9H), 1.11 (s, 9H); ³¹P NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ −1.40 (s, 1P), −2.73 (s, 1P); ¹⁹F NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ −197.42 (dt J = 51.7, 18.8 Hz, 1F). 138a

887.6 138a: (((2R,3S,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,10- difluoro-5,12-dioxidododecahydrodicyclopenta[d,j][1,3,7,9]tetra- oxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine-5,12-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene) bis(2,2- dimethylpropanoate): HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.82. 138b

887.6 138b: (((2R,3S,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,10- difluoro-5,12-dioxidododecahydrodicyclopenta[d,j][1,3,7,9]tetra- oxa[2,8]diphosphacyclododecine-5,12-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene) bis(2,2- dimethylpropanoate): HPLC retention time (C18, min): 4.12. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 8.34 (s, 2H); 8.15 (s, 2H); 7.34 (bs, 4H), 5.50-5.68 (m, 6H), 5.11-5.23 (m, 4H); 4.25 (m, 2H), 4.18 (m, 2H), 2.70 (m, 2H); 2.44 (m, 2H), 1.88 (m, 2H), 1.17 (s, 18H); ³¹P NMR (DMSO- d₆) δ −1.43 (s, 2P); ¹⁹F NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ −194.89 (m, 2F). 139a

871.6 139a: (((2R,3aS,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-10-fluoro-5,12- dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2-j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]di- phosphacyclododecine-5,12-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene) bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate) mixture of isomers: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.77; ³¹P NMR (DMSO-d₆): −0.98 (s, 1P), −1.68 (s, 1P), −4.45 (s, 1P), −4.92 (s, 1P). 139b

871.6 139b: (((2R,3aS,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-10-fluoro-5,12- dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2-j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]di- phosphacyclododecine-5,12-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(methylene) bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoate): HPLC retention time (C18, min): 4.06; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.35 (br s, 2H), 7.34 (br s, 2H), 6.41 (dd, J = 8.0, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 5.54-5.70 (m, 5H), 5.51 (m, 1H), 5.12-5.24 (m, 2H), 4.14 (m, 1H), 4.33 (m, 1H), 4.26 (m, 1H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 4.09 (m, 1H), 3.32 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.42 (m, 1H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.20 (s, 9H), 1.12 (s, 9H); ³¹P NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ −0.92 (s, 1P), −1.78 (s, 1P); ¹⁹F NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ −196.35 (m, 1F). 140

921.2 140: (((2R,3R,3aR,7aR,9R,10S,10aR,14aR)-2,9-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,10-difluoro- 5,12-dioxidodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[d]furo[3,2-j][1,3,7,9]tetraoxa[2,8]di- phosphacyclododecine-5,12-diyl)bis(sulfanediyl))bis(methylene) bis(2,2- dimethylpropanoate): HPLC retention time (C18, min): 4.28; ¹H NMR (501 MHz, DMSO- d₆) δ 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.44 (bs, 2H) (dd, J = 16.8, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 6.06-5.92 (m, 2H), 5.63-5.37 (m, 6H), 5.17 (m, 1H), 4.51-4.45 (m, 2H), 4.37-4.19 (m, 3H), 2.77 (m, 1H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.17 (s, 9H), 1.06 (s, 9H); ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 28.48, 27.25; ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −193.71, −201.32. 143a

893.4 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)- 9,18-difluoro-3,12-dioxo-3-({[(propan-2-yloxy)carbonyl]oxy}methoxy)- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan- 12-yl]oxy}methyl propan-2-yl carbonate 143a: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.60; 143b

893.4 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H- purin-9-yl)-9,18-difluoro-3,12-dioxo-3-({[(propan-2- yloxy)carbonyl]oxy}methoxy)-2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa- 3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan-12- yl]oxy}methyl propan-2-yl carbonate 143b: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.83; ¹H NMR (501 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.33 (s, 2H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.43 (bs, 2H), 7.47 (bs, 2H), 6.41 (dd, J = 18.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.77-5.95 (m, 2H), 5.58-5.70 (m, 2H), 5.49 (dt, J = 51.2, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 5.11-5.26 (m, 2H), 4.85 (sept, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 4.78 (sept, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 4.38-4.44 (m, 2H), 4.23-4.33 (m, 3H), 2.73 (m, 1H), 2.41 (m, 2H), 1.93 (m, 2H), 1.16-1.25 (m, 12H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −2.31 (s), −2.84 (s). ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −191.72 (ddd, J = 51.6, 22.7, 10.7 Hz), −198.66 (dt, J = 51.4, 17.6 Hz) 144a

917.4 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3- {[(2,2-dimethylbutanoyl)oxy]methoxy}-9,18-difluoro-3,12-dioxo- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan- 12-yl]oxy}methyl 2,2-dimethylbutanoate 144a: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.30; 144b

917.4 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3- {[(2,2-dimethylbutanoy)oxy]methoxy}-9,18-difluoro-3,12-dioxo- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan- 12-yl]oxy}methyl 2,2-dimethylbutanoate 144b: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.47; 144c

917.4 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3- {[(2,2-dimethylbutanoyl)oxy]methoxy}-9,18-difluoro-3,12-dioxo- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan- 12-yl]oxy}methyl 2,2-dimethylbutanoate 144c: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.73; ¹H NMR (501 MHz, CD₃CN) δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 6.20-6.32 (m, 5H), 5.58-5.91 (m, 6H), 5.47 (dm, J = 51.4 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (m, 1H), 5.06 (dtd, J = 25.4, 8.9, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.39-4.45 (m, 2H), 4.26-4.34 (m, 3H), 2.73 (m, 1H), 2.51 (m, 2H), 2.10 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.62 (m, 4H), 1.17 (s, 6H), 1.12 (s, 3H), 1.12 (s, 3H), 0.84 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H), 0.79 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, CD₃CN) δ −2.58, −3.11. ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, CD₃CN) δ −189.05 (m), −196.35 (m). 145a

969.2 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)- 9,18-difluoro-3-[(1-methylcyclohexanecarbonyloxy)methoxy]-3,12-dioxo- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan- 12-yl]oxy}methyl 1-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate 145a: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.56; 145b

969.0 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)- 9,18-difluoro-3-[(1-methylcyclohexanecarbonyloxy)methoxy]-3,12-dioxo- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan- 12-yl]oxy}methyl 1-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate 145b: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.75; 145c

969.0 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)- 9,18-difluoro-3-[(1-methylcyclohexanecarbonyloxy)methoxy]-3,12-dioxo- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ5,12λ5-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.06,10]octadecan- 12-yl]oxylmethyl 1-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate 145c: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 4.04; ¹H NMR (501 MHz, CD₃CN) δ −8.22 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 6.29 (d, J = 20.0 Hz, 1H), 6.15-6.28 (m, 4H), 5.59-5.91 (m, 6H), 5.46 (dm, J = 51.6 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (m, 1H), 5.06 (dtd, J = 25.2, 8.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H) 4.39-4.45 (m, 2H), 4.26-4.35 (m, 3H), 2.73 (m, 1H), 2.50 (m, 2H), 2.10 (m, 2H), 1.96 (m, 4H), 1.19-1.62 (m, 16H), 1.18 and 1.12 (s, 6H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, CD₃CN) δ −2.53, −3.04. ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, CD₃CN) δ −188.94 (m), −196.35 (m). 146a

973.5 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)- 9,18-difluoro-3-[(octanoyloxy)methoxy]-3,12-dioxo-2,4,7,11,13- pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan-12- yl]oxy}methyl octanoate 146a: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 4.02; 146b

973.1 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)- 9,18-difluoro-3-[(octanoyloxy)methoxy]-3,12-dioxo-2,4,7,11,13- pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo [13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan-12- yl]oxy}methyl octanoate 144b: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 4.14; 146c

973.0 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)- 9,18-difluoro-3-[(octanoyloxy)methoxy]-3,12-dioxo-2,4,7,11,13- pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan-12- yl]oxy}methyl octanoate 144c: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 4.39; ¹H NMR (501 MHz, CD₃CN) δ 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 6.29 (d, J = 19.7 Hz, 1H), 6.19 (bs, 2H), 6.15 (bs, 2H), 5.85 (m, 1H), 5.59-5.81 (m, 5H), 5.44 (dm, J = 51.3 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (m, 1H), 5.06 (dtd, J = 25.1, 9.1 Hz, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.39-4.45 (m, 2H), 4.24-4.34 (m, 3H), 2.73 (m, 1H), 2.49 (m, 2H), 2.10 (m, 2H), 2.40 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 4H), 2.33 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 4H), 1.51-1.62 (m, 4H), 1.19-1.32 (m, 16H), 0.83-0.87 (m, 6H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, CD₃CN) δ −2.50 (s), −2.96 (s). ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, CD₃CN) δ −189.31 (m), −196.64 (m). 147

918.4 {[(1R,6R,8R,9S,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-12- ({[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl}sulfanyl)-9,18-difluoro-3,12- dioxo-2,4,11,13-tetraoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan-3-yl]sulfanyl}methyl 2,2- dimethylpropanoate 147: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 4.18. ¹H NMR (501 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.38 (s, 2H), 8.15 (s, 2H), 7.33 (bs, 4H), 5.66 (ddd, J = 50.4, 8.5, 5.3 Hz, 2H), 5.38-5.47 (m, 6H), 5.18 (m, 2H), 4.29 and 4.14 (m, 2H), 2.75 (m, 2H), 2.45 and 1.85 (m, 2H), 1.15 (s, 18H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 27.86. ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −197.97. 148

918.4 {[(1S,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R)-17-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H-purin- 9-yl)-8-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-({[(2,2- dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl}sulfanyl)-9-fluoro-3,12-dioxo- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan- 12-yl]sulfanyl}methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate 148: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 4.13. ¹H NMR (501 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.62 (bs, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.40 (bs, 2H), 6.44 (bs, 2H), 6.39 (dd, J = 17.7, 2.8 Hz, 2H), 5.90-6.00 (m, 2H), 5.31-5.48 (m, 5H), 4.85 (m, 1H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 4.28 (m, 1H), 4.16-4.22 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.64 (m, 3H), 2.35 and 1.74 (m, 1H), 1.16 and 1.05 (s, 9H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 28.81, 26.32. ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −199.90 (dt, J_(F,2)′ = 51.7, J_(F,1)′ = J_(F,3)′ = 16.1 Hz). 149a

790.9 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)- 9,18-difluoro-12-hydroxy-3,12-dioxo-2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan-3-yl]sulfanyl}methyl 2,2- dimethylpropanoate 149a: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.21, ¹H NMR (501 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 8.19 and 8.19 (s, 1H), 7.51 (bs, 4H), 6.33 (dd, J = 17.7, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.65 (dm, J = 52.4 Hz, 1H), 5.37-5.55 (m, 3H), 5.26 (m, 1H), 5.02-5.17 (m, 2H), 4.43 (m, 1H), 4.38 (m, 1H), 4.26 (m, 1H), 3.88-3.97 (m, 2H), 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.37 and 1.94 (m, 1H), 1.06 (s, 9H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 26.97, −1.28. ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −190.41, −197.48. 149b

790.9 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)- 9,18-difluoro-12-hydroxy-3,12-dioxo-2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵- diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan-3-yl]sulfanyl}methyl 2,2- dimethylpropanoate 149b: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.22. 150a

936.8 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H- purin-9-yl)-17-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-({[(2,2- dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl}sulfanyl)-9,18-difluoro-3,12-dioxo- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan- 12-yl]sulfanyl}methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate 150a: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.87. 150b

936.5 {[(1R,6R,8R,9R,10R,15R,17R,18S)-8-(2-amino-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro-1H- purin-9-yl)-17-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-({[(2,2- dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl}sulfanyl)-9,18-difluoro-3,12-dioxo- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan- 12-yl]sylfanyl}methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate 150b: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 4.17. ¹H NMR (501 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.83 (bs, 1H) 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.34 (bs, 2H), 6.53 (bs, 2H), 6.20 (dd, J = 17.2, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 5.89 (m, 1H), 5.76 (ddd, J = 50.9, 5.1, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 5.37-5.59 (m, 6H), 5.16 (m, 1H), 4.56 (m, 1H), 4.44 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.35 (m, 3H), 2.76 (m, 1H), 2.42 and 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.15 and 1.05 (s, 9H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 28.42, 28.11. ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ −192.25, −199.28. 151

903.8 {[(1R,6R,8R,10S,15R,17R,18S)-8,17-bis(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3- ({[(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl}sulfanyl)-18-fluoro-3,12-dioxo- 2,4,7,11,13-pentaoxa-3λ⁵,12λ⁵-diphosphatricyclo[13.3.0.0^(6,10)]octadecan- 12-yl]sulfanyl}methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate 151: HPLC retention time (C18, min): 3.44. ¹H NMR (501 MHz, CD₃CN) δ 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 6.40 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.00 (bs, 4H), 5.81 (m, 1H), 5.36-5.64 (m, 6H), 5.12 (m, 1H), 4.43-4.52 (m, 2H), 4.14-4.29 (m, 3H), 3.34 (m, 1H), 2.81 (m, 1H), 2.72 (ddd, J = 14.6, 6.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 2.52 and 1.99 (m, 2H), 1.21 (s, 9H), 1.11 (s, 9H). ³¹P NMR (202.4 MHz, CD₃CN) δ 29.11, 28.02. ¹⁹F NMR (470.4 MHz, CD₃CN) δ −196.02 (dm, J_(F,2)′ = 50.8 Hz).

Example 8. Biological Evaluation

A cyclic dinucleotide was determined to be a STING agonist: (A) if it demonstrated binding to the AQ allelic form of human STING protein with thermal shift of >0.5° C. in the STING Differential Scanning Fluorimetry Assay (DSF), and (B) if it demonstrated STING activation through IRF-3 dependent expression of firefly luciferase reporter with EC₅₀<100 μmol·l⁻¹.

ISRE Reporter Plasmid (pGL64.27-4xISRE)

Two complementary oligonucleotides of the sequence AAAGATCTTGGAAAGTGAAACCTTGGAAAACGAAACTGGACAAAGGGAAACTG CAGAAACTGAAACAAAGCTTAA (SEQ ID NO:1) and TTAAGCTTTGTTTCAGTTTCTGCAGTTTCCCTTTGTCCAGTTTCGTTTTCCAAGGTT TCACTTTCCAAGATCTTT (SEQ ID NO:2) containing four interferon-sensitive response elements (ISRE) were synthesized by Sigma Aldrich (Czech Republic, Prague). The oligonucleotides were mixed in equal molar amounts, hybridized, and cleaved by restriction endonucleases HindIII (cat. #. R0104S, NEB, Ipswich, USA) and BglII (cat. #R0144S, NEB, Ipswich, USA). Ultimately, they were ligated into plasmid pGL4.27 (cat. #E6651, Promega, Madison, USA) linearized with the same enzymes. As result the sequence with four ISRE sites was placed upstream of the minimum promoter of firefly luciferase reporter gene.

293T wtSTING-FL Reporter Cells

293T cells (cat. #CRL-3216, ATCC, Manassas, USA) were seeded a day before transfection at density 125,000 cells per cm² onto poly-D-lysine (cat. #P6407, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic) coated six well plates in antibiotic free DMEM with high glucose (cat. #D5796, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated FBS (cat. #S1520, Biowest, Riverside, USA). On the day of transfection, 2.5 μg of the plasmid pUNO1-hSTING-WT (cat. #puno1-hstingwt, InvivoGen, San Diego, USA) encoding human wild type STING (WT STING) was diluted in 125 μL OptiMEM medium (cat. #31985062, ThermoFisher, Waltham, USA) and mixed with 125 μL of the same medium containing 12.5 μL of Lipofectamine 2000 (cat. #11668019, ThermoFisher, Waltham, USA). After 5 minutes incubation at room temperature (RT), 250 μL of the mixture was added dropwise to the cells in one well. Cells were incubated 36 hours at 37° C. with 5% CO₂, and then detached with 0.05% Trypsin and 0.22 g/L EDTA (both cat. #L0941, Biowest, Riverside, USA).

Transfected cells were seeded onto poly-D-lysine coated six well plates at density 50,000 cells per 1 cm² in DMEM medium with high glucose containing 10% heat inactivated FBS, 30 μg/mL blasticidin (cat. #ant-b1-05, InvivoGen, San Diego, USA), 0.06 mg/ml Penicillin G and 0.1 mg/ml Streptomycin Sulfate (both cat. #. L0018, Biowest, Riverside, USA). The medium was replenished every 3-4 days until visible colonies of cells resistant to blasticidin were formed.

Blasticidin resistant cells stably expressing WT STING were further transfected with pGL64.27-4xISRE plasmid following the same procedure as described above. The transfected cells were selected for the resistance to 300 μg/mL hygromycin (cat. #. 10687010, ThermoFisher, Waltham, USA) in DMEM with high glucose containing 10% heat inactivated FBS, 30 μg/mL blasticidin, 0.06 mg/ml Penicillin G and 0.1 mg/ml Streptomycin Sulfate. Homogeneous culture of stably double transfected cells was prepared by limiting dilution of cells in 96 well plates and wells with cells were selected that originated from a single cell. These cells were expanded, and expression of WT STING was confirmed by western blot using monoclonal mouse anti STING antibodies (cat. #. MAB7169, 1:1000 dilution; 2° antibody cat. #. HAF007, 1:2000 dilution, both from R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA), and by induction of firefly luciferase expression in the presence of 50 μM STING agonist 2′3′ cGAMP (cat. #tlrl-nacga23, InvivoGen, San Diego, USA). Genomic DNA from the transfected cells was amplified with primers pUNO1_Seq_F (TGCTTGCTCAACTCTACGTC) (SEQ ID NO:3) and pUNO1_Seq_R (GTGGTTTGTCCAAACTCATC) (SEQ ID NO:4) that were complementary to pUNO1 plasmid and the presence of WT STING gene in the transfected cells was confirmed by DNA sequencing.

Digitonin Assay Using 293T wtSTING-FL Reporter Cells

293T wtSTING-FL cells were seeded at density of 250,000 cells per cm² onto 96 well poly-D-lysine coated plates in 100 μl DMEM with high glucose supplemented with 10% heat inactivated FBS. The medium was removed next day and three fold serial dilutions of compounds in Digitonin buffer containing 50 mmol·l⁻¹ HEPES (cat. #H3375, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic) pH 7.0, 100 mmol·l⁻¹KCl, 3 mmol·l⁻¹MgCl₂, 0.1 mmol·l⁻¹ DTT (cat. #D0632, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic), 85 mmol·l⁻¹ Sucrose (cat. #S7903, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic), 0.2% BSA (cat. #A2153, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic), 1 mmol·l⁻¹ ATP (cat. #A1852, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic), 0.1 mmol·l⁻¹ GTP (cat. #G8877, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic), and 10 μg/mL Digitonin A (cat. #D141, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic) were added to the cells. The buffer was removed after 30 minutes incubation at 37° C. with 5% CO₂, the cells were washed once with 100 μl of cultivation medium, and 100 μl of medium was added to each well. The plates with cells were incubated for 5 hours at 37° C. with 5% CO₂, 50 μl of the medium was removed and 30 μl of ONE-Glo™ Luciferase Assay System reagent (cat. #E6120, Promega, Madison, USA) was added to each well. Luminescence was read on Synergy H1 (Biotek, Winooski, USA). GraphPad Prism (La Jolla, USA) was used to calculate the 50% effective concentration (EGO from an 8-point dose-response curve. Control compounds 3′3′-c-di-GMP (cat. #tlrl-nacdg), 3′3′-c-di-AMP (cat. #tlrl-nacda), 3′3′-cGAMP (cat. #tlrl-nacga), 2′3′-cGAMP (cat. #tlrl-nacga23), and 2′2′-cGAMP (cat. #tlrl-nacga22) were purchased from Invivogen (San Diego, USA).

WT STING and AQ STING Proteins

Both WT and AQ human STING (G230A-R293Q) cDNA were amplified by the use of PCR (Phusion® High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase, cat. #M0530S, NEB, Ipswich, USA) using oligonucleotides hSTING140-BamH-For (GTGGGATCCGCCCCAGCTGAGATCTCTGCAG) (SEQ ID NO:5) and hSTING379-Not-Rev3 (TATGCGGCCGCCTATTACACAGTAACCTCTTCCTTTTC) (SEQ ID NO:6) from pUNO1-hSTING-WT (cat. #puno1-hstingwt, InvivoGen, San Diego, USA) and pUNO1-hSTING-HAQ plasmids (puno1-hsting-haq, InvivoGen, San Diego, USA). Purified PCR products were cleaved with restriction enzymes BamHI (cat. #R0136S, NEB, Ipswich, USA) and NotI (cat. #R0189S, NEB, Ipswich, USA) and cloned into the pSUMO vector linearized with the identical enzymes. Plasmid pSUMO was created by introducing 8-His-SUMO sequence between NdeI and BamHI sites of pHis-parallel2 plasmid (Clontech, Moutain View, USA). pSUMO-STING WT or pSUMO-STING AQ plasmids thus encoded truncated human WT STING or AQ STING (amino acid residues 140-343) with N-terminal 8xHis and SUMO tag.

The recombinant WT STING and AQ STING proteins were overexpressed in Rosetta-gami B (DE3) competent cells (cat. #71136-3, Merck Millipore, Billerica, USA). Bacterial pellets were re-suspended in ice-cold lysis buffer containing 50 mmol·l⁻¹ TrisCl (cat. #T1503, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic) pH 8.0, 300 mmol·l⁻¹ NaCl, 3 mmol·l⁻¹ β-mercaptoethanol (cat. #M6250, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic), 10% glycerol (cat. #G5516, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic) and 20 mmol·l⁻¹ imidazole (cat. #15513, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic) using Dounce homogenizer. DNase I (cat. #D5025, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic) and RNase A (cat. #R6513, Sigma Aldrich, Czech Republic) were added (final concentration 50 ug/ml) together with MgCl₂ (final concentration 5 mmol·l⁻¹) to the homogenate and bacteria were lysed using French Press G-M™ High-Pressure Cell Press Homogenizer (1500 psi, 3 cycles). Lysate was spun 30,000 g for 20 minutes and supernatant was gently stirred with Ni-NTA resin (cat. #745400.25 Macherey-Nagel, Duren, Germany) for 30 minutes. The resin was poured into a chromatography column, washed with 50 ml buffer A (50 mmol·l⁻¹ TrisCl (pH 8.0), 800 mmol·l⁻¹ NaCl, 3 mmol·l⁻¹ β-mercaptoethanol; 10% glycerol; 20 mmol·l⁻¹ imidazol) and 8-His-SUMO tagged STING proteins were eluted with 15 ml buffer A containing 300 mmol·l⁻¹ imidazole. The eluted proteins were cleaved with recombinant SUMO protease (80 ug/ml of protein solution, cat. #12588018, ThermoFisher, Waltham, USA). The proteins were further purified by size exclusion chromatography using HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 75 (cat. #28989333, GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, Pittsburgh, USA) in 50 mmol·l⁻¹ Tris Cl buffer pH 7.4 containing 150 mmol·l⁻¹ NaCl, and 10% glycerol. Proteins were concentrated with Amicon® Ultra-15 10 K device (cat. #UFC901008, Merck Millipore, Billerica, USA) and flash frozen in liquid N2.

DNA sequence of 8-His-SUMO

(SEQ ID NO: 7) ATGTCGCATCACCATCATCATCACCACCATGGGATGTCGGACTCAGAAG TCAATCAAGAAGCTAAGCCAGAGGTCAAGCCAGAAGTCAAGCCTGAGAC TCACATCAATTTAAAGGTGTCCGATGGATCTTCAGAGATCTTCTTCAAG ATCAAAAAGACCACTCCTTTAAGAAGGCTGATGGAAGCGTTCGCTAAAA GACAGGGTAAGGAAATGGACTCCTTAAGATTCTTGTACGACGGTATTAG AATTCAAGCTGATCAGACCCCTGAAGATTTGGACATGGAGGATAACGAT ATTATTGAGGCTCACCGCGAACAGATTGGTGGATCC.

Amino acid sequence of 8-His-SUMO

(SEQ ID NO: 8) MSHHHHHHHHGMSDSEVNQEAKPEVKPEVKPETHINLKVSDGSSEIFFK IKKTTPLRRLMEAFAKRQGKEMDSLRFLYDGIRIQADQTPEDLDMEDND IIEAHREQIGGS.

Amino acid sequence of truncated WT STING

(SEQ ID NO: 9) APAEISAVCEKGNFNVAHGLAWSYYIGYLRLILPELQARIRTYNQHYNN LLRGAVSQRLYILLPLDCGVPDNLSMADPNIRFLDKLPQQTGDRAGIKD RVYSNSIYELLENGQRAGTCVLEYATPLQTLFAMSQYSQAGFSREDRLE QAKLFCRTLEDILADAPESQNNCRLIAYQEPADDSSFSLSQEVLRHLRQ EEKEEVTV.

Amino acid sequence of truncated AQ STING

(SEQ ID NO: 10) APAEISAVCEKGNFNVAHGLAWSYYIGYLRLILPELQARIRTYNQHYNN LLRGAVSQRLYILLPLDCGVPDNLSMADPNIRFLDKLPQQTADRAGIKD RVYSNSIYELLENGQRAGTCVLEYATPLQTLFAMSQYSQAGFSREDRLE QAKLFCQTLEDILADAPESQNNCRLIAYQEPADDSSFSLSQEVLRHLRQ EEKEEVTV. Differential Scanning Fluorimetry with WT STING and AQ STING

WT and AQ allelic forms of STING protein were diluted to the final concentration 0.1 mg/ml in 100 mmol·l⁻¹ TrisCl buffer pH 7.4 containing, 150 mmol·l⁻¹ NaCl, 1:500 SYPRO Orange (cat. #S6650, ThermoFisher, Waltham, USA) and 150 μM CDN or water. 20 μL solutions of the reaction mixtures were pipetted in triplicates into 96 well optical reaction plates and thermal denaturation of samples were performed on real time PCR cycler (LightCycler® 480 Instrument II—Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The first derivative of the thermal denaturation curves was performed to calculate denaturing temperatures of STING—CDN complexes and STING apoproteins. The thermal shift for each CDN was calculated by subtracting the average denaturing temperature of STING apoprotein from the average denaturing temperature of STING CDN complex.

BMB171 Diadenylate Cyclase

A recombinant codon optimized cDNA encoding diadenylate cyclase BMB171 from Bacillus sp. was chemically synthesized and cloned between NcoI and XhoI sites of vector pET-28b(+) by GenScript (Piscataway, N.J.). The protein was overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) (ThermoFisher, Waltham, USA). Bacterial pellet was re-suspended in ice-cold lysis buffer containing 20 mM Phosphate Na buffer (pH 7.4), 500 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, and 20 mM imidazol using Dounce homogenizer. DNase I and RNase A were added (final concentration 50 μg/ml) together with MgCl₂ (final concentration 5 mM) to the homogenate and bacteria were lysed using MSE Soniprep 150 (3 mm Tip Solid Titanium Exponential Probe, 2 min, 50% power, amplitude 12 microns). The lysate was spun 30,000×g for 20 minutes and supernatant was loaded onto 5 mL HisTrap column (GE Healthcare BioSciences, Pittsburgh, USA). The resin was washed with 50 ml lysis buffer and 50 ml wash buffer (20 mM Phosphate Na buffer (pH 7.4), 500 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, and 125 mM imidazol) and BMB171 was eluted with 15 ml 20 mM Na-Phosphate buffer (pH7.4) buffer containing 500 mM NaCl; 10% glycerol, and 300 mM imidazol. The protein was further purified by size exclusion chromatography using HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 75 in buffer containing 150 mM NaCl; 50 mM Tris (pH 7.4), and 10% glycerol. The protein buffer was exchanged for 50% glycerol, 50 mM Tris (pH 7.6), 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA with Amicon® Ultra-15 10 K Device (Merck Millipore Ltd.), and BMB171 was flash frozen in liquid N2.

BMB171 amino acid sequence including C-terminal His-tag

(SEQ ID NO: 11) MEENKQRVKSMINILQLVAPGTPLREGIDNVLRAQTGGLIVLGYNEQIK SIVDGGFHINCAFSPASLYELAKMDGALILNETGSKILIANAQLVPDSS IDSIETGMRHRTAERVAKQTGSLVVAISQRRNVITLYQGNLRYTLKDIG VILTKANQAIQTLEKYKAVWNDGITNLGILEFEEVVTMSEVVHVLHSVE MVLRIKNEILSYIHELGTEGRLIRLQLTELLADLEAEAALLIKDYHQEK TQDHHQILKKLQDLANTQLLEDSDLVKLLGYPGQTSLEESVTPRGYRIT SKISRVPPLIIENLINRFKTLQGVCRATINELDDVEGIGEVRAKKIREG LKRIQEHLYMSRHNLEHHHHHH.

TABLE 2 STING binding and 293T WT STING digitonin cell data DSF ΔTm (° C.) 293T WT STING Digitonin Compound WT STING AQ STING EC₅₀ (μM) 101 3.6 11.3 0.8 102a 6.7 11.2 0.11 102b 11.9 16.9 0.005 102c — — 0.01 102d — — 0.01 103 7.6 16.6 0.01 104 3.4 11.4 0.2 105 0.8 7.0 1.6 106 1.9 9.0 0.4 107 7.6 16.7 0.01 108 5.2 14.3 0.04 109 8.9 18.5 0.01 110 5.8 15.7 0.05 111 4.1 13.7 0.07 112 5.2 13.2 0.12 113 2.1 7.9 3.6 114 0.4 4.6 21.8 115 3.8 10.5 0.07 116 8.5 13.1 0.007 117 2.2 7.1 0.2 118 0.5 1.5 +2215 119 5.7 16.6 0.05 120 10.3 17.0 0.01 121 7.6 13.9 0.05 122 3.5 9.5 1.6 123 1.1 4.6 1.2 124 6.2 12.8 0.05 125 0.7 5.1 13.2 126 1.1 7.5 1.8 127 2.6 7.9 0.1 128a 9.6 14.8 0.01 128b 12.2 17.5 0.01 129a 6.4 14.0 0.1 129b 7.0 13.2 0.2 129c 6.4 13.2 0.4 129d 13.7 20.8 0.007 130a 14.7 20.7 0.01 130b 13.6 20.3 0.01 131 13.4 21.4 0.01 132a 12.9 19.9 0.008 132b 18.6 26.1 0.01 133 0.6 4.4 1.2 134 6.4 13.2 0.02 141a 0.3 3.9 3.0 141b 5.3 11.6 0.05 142a — — 0.03 142b — — 0.02 3′3′c-di-GMP 2.6 7.7 5.8 3′3′c-di-AMP 2.6 9.3 0.3 3′3′-cGAMP 5.1 13.3 0.16 2′2′-cGAMP 11.5 19.4 0.03 2′3′-cGAMP 15.2 22.7 0.03

293T WT STING Standard Reporter Assay

293T wtSTING-FL cells were seeded at density of 250,000 cells per cm² onto 96 well poly-D-lysine coated white micro plates in 100 μl DMEM medium with high glucose supplemented with 10% heat inactivated FBS. The medium was removed next day and three-fold serial dilutions of compounds in 100 μl medium were added to the cells. The plates with cells were incubated for 7 hours at 37° C. with 5% CO₂. After 50 μl of the medium was removed, 30 μl of ONE-Glo™ Luciferase Assay System reagent (cat. #E6120, Promega, Madison, USA) was added to each well and luminescence was read on Synergy H1 (Biotek, Winooski, USA). GraphPad Prism (La Jolla, USA) was used to calculate the 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) from an 8-point dose-response curve. Control compounds 3′3′-cGAMP (cat. #tlrl-nacga), 2′3′-cGAMP (cat. #tlrl-nacga23), and 2′2′-cGAMP (cat. #tlrl-nacga22) were purchased from Invivogen (San Diego, USA).

TABLE 3 293T WT STING standard reporter assay data 293T WT STING Compound EC₅₀ (μM) 102a 1.8 102b 0.7 102d 0.4 119 11.7 120 1.9 121 2.6 124 4.9 128b 0.4 129d 0.3 130a 1.0 130b 1.2 132b 0.2 135a 0.3 136b 0.06 136c 0.05 136d 0.01 137a 0.2 137b 0.09 138a 0.07 138b 0.02 139a 0.003 139b 0.001 140 0.001 142b 0.5 143a 0.1 143b 0.005 144a 0.02 144b 0.001 144c 0.001 145a 0.12 145b 0.001 145c 0.006 146a 0.0001 146b 0.0003 146c 0.001 147 0.007 148 0.02 149a 0.2 149b 0.2 150a 0.04 150b 0.2 151 0.008 3′3′-cGAMP 68.4 2′2′-cGAMP 10.2 2′3′-cGAMP 36.9

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Assay

Selected compounds were tested in an in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) assay. Freshly isolated PBMCs were seeded into U-shaped shaped 96-well plates at density 500,000 cells per well in 50 μl of RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat inactivated FBS. Serially diluted tested compounds were added to wells in 50 μl of cultivation medium and cell were incubated with compounds for 1 h at 37° C. with 5% CO₂. Plates with cells were then spun 500 g for 5 minutes and medium was removed. Cells were washed twice with the cell culture medium by the use of centrifugation and gently resuspended in 100 μl medium without compounds. After 15 hour incubation at 37° C. with 5% CO₂, the cell culture medium was collected and the levels of interferon-alpha (INF-a), interferon-gamma (INF-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined with ProcartaPlex Assays (ThermoFisher, Waltham, USA) and MAGPIX System (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). GraphPad Prism (San Diego, Calif., USA) was used to calculate the 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) from a 6-point dose-response curve. Values reported are an average of runs from one to four donors.

TABLE 4 Peripheral blood mononuclear cell data PBMC EC₅₀ (μM) Compound IFN-γ TNF-α IFN-α 119 169 146 265 120 36.6 72.6 64 121 200 254 254 124 43 223 290 128b 6.5 19 27 129d 23 25 27 136d 2.4 0.8 0.9 138a 1.5 1.9 3.2 138b 2.6 1.3 1.0 139a 0.1 0.1 0.1 139b 0.1 0.1 0.3 143b 0.15 0.3 0.3 144b 0.05 0.02 0.04 144c 0.003 0.002 0.004 145b 0.002 0.006 0.007 145c 0.01 0.02 0.04 146a 0.04 0.04 0.04 146b 0.01 0.01 0.02 146c 0.02 0.01 0.02 147 0.02 0.05 0.07 148 0.6 0.3 0.8 150a 0.7 0.7 1

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and Example for purposes of clarity of understanding, one of skill in the art will appreciate that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. In addition, each reference provided herein is incorporated by reference in its entirety to the same extent as if each reference was individually incorporated by reference. Where a conflict exists between the instant application and a reference provided herein, the instant application shall dominate. 

1. A compound of Formula (I):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X¹ and X³ are each independently OH, OR³, SH, or SR³; X² and X⁴ are each independently O or S; Y is O or CH₂; R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(2a), and R^(2b) a are each independently H, OR⁵, NH₂, or halogen; each R⁵ is independently H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; each R³ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or —L—R⁴; each R⁴ is independently —O(C═O)—N(R^(4a))₂, —O(C═O)—NHR^(4a), —O(C═O)—R^(4a), or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); each R^(4a) is independently C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-(C₃-C₁₄ cycloalkyl) or C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl, wherein each R^(4a) is independently optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 Rob; each R^(4b) is independently —OH, —SH, —NH₂, ═O, ═NH, ═S, halogen, —N₃, —CN, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or C₁-C₆ dialkylamino; L is L¹, L¹—O(C═O)—L², L¹—(C═O)O—L², L¹—O—L², L¹—S(O)_(n)—L², L¹—O(C═O)O—L², L¹—O(C═O)NR⁶—L², L¹—NR⁶(C═O)O—L², or L¹—O(C═O)—L²—O—L³; L¹ is C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₂-C₆ alkenylene, C₂-C₆ alkynylene, or C₇-C₁₃ alkylarylene; L² is C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₂-C₆ alkenylene, C₂-C₆ alkynylene, C₆-C₁₀ arylene, or 5- to 10-membered heteroarylene; L³ is C₁-C₆ alkylene, C₂-C₆ alkenylene, or C₂-C₆ alkynylene; R⁶ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; n is 0, 1, or 2; Base¹ and Base² are each independently

wherein A, A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are each independently H, OH, SH, F, Cl, Br, I, NH₂, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁵, NHR¹⁵, N(R¹⁵)₂, or R¹⁶; each Z is independently O, S, or NR¹⁵; each R¹⁵ is independently H, —C(═Z¹)R¹⁶, —C(═Z¹)OR¹⁶, —C(═Z¹)SR¹⁶, —C(═Z¹)N(R¹⁶)₂, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₂-C₁₀ heteroaryl; each Z¹ is independently O or S; and each R¹⁶ is independently H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₂-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or C₂-C₁₀ heteroaryl.
 2. The compound of claim 1 having the structure of Formula

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ and X³ are each independently OR³.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ is OR³; and X³ is SR³.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ is SR³; and X³ is OR³.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ is OH; and X³ is SR³.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ is SR³; and X³ is OH.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ is OR³; and X³ is SR³.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ is SR³; and X³ is OR³.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ and X³ are each independently SR³.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein each R³ is independently —L—R⁴.
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein each R⁴ is independently —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a).
 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein each R^(4a) is independently C₁-C₂₀ alkyl or —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)-(C₃-C₁₄ cycloalkyl).
 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein L is L¹, L¹—O(C═O)—L², or L¹—O—L²; L¹ is C₁-C₆ alkylene or C₇-C₁₃ alkylarylene; L² is C₁-C₆ alkylene or C₆-C₁₀ arylene.
 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ is


16. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ is OR³ or SR³; R³ is —L—R⁴; L is L¹; L¹ is C₁-C₆ alkylene; R⁴ is —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); and R^(4a) is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl.
 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ is

and R^(4a) is C₃-C₂₀ alkyl.
 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ is OR³ or SR³; R³ is —L—R⁴; L is L¹; L¹ is C₇-C₁₃ alkylarylene; R⁴ is —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); and R^(4a) is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl.
 19. The compound of claim 18, wherein X¹ is

and R^(4a) is C₃-C₂₀ alkyl.
 20. The compound of claim 1, wherein X³ is


21. The compound of claim 1, wherein X³ is OR³ or SR³; R³ is —L—R⁴; L is L¹; L¹ is C₁-C₆ alkylene; R⁴ is —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); and R^(4a) is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl.
 22. The compound of claim 21, wherein X³ is

and R^(4a) is C₃-C₂₀ alkyl.
 23. The compound of claim 1, wherein X³ is OR³ or SR³; R³ is —L—R⁴; L is L¹; L¹ is C₇-C₁₃ alkylarylene; R⁴ is —O(C═O)—R^(4a) or —O(C═O)—O—R^(4a); and R^(4a) is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl.
 24. The compound of claim 20, wherein X³ is

and R^(4a) is C₃-C₂₀ alkyl.
 25. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(4a) is C₃-C₁₆ alkyl.
 26. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ and X³ are each independently OH or SH.
 27. The compound of claim 1, wherein X² and X⁴ are each O.
 28. The compound of claim 1 having the structure of Formula (III):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 29. The compound of claim 1, wherein Base¹ and Base² are each independently:


30. The compound of claim 1, wherein A¹, A², A³ and A⁴ are each independently H, OH, or NH₂.
 31. The compound of claim 1, wherein A¹, A², and A³ are each independently H, OH, or NH₂.
 32. The compound of claim 1 having the structure of Formula (IV):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 33. The compound of claim 1, wherein Base¹ and Base² are each independently:


34. The compound of claim 1, wherein Base¹ and Base² are each independently:


35. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁵ is H or Me.
 36. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(1a) and R^(1b) are different.
 37. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(2a) and R^(2b) are different.
 38. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is H.
 39. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one of R^(2a) and R^(2b) is H.
 40. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(2a), and R^(2b) are each independently H, OH, OMe, or F.
 41. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(1b) and R^(2b) are each H.
 42. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(1a) is F, and R^(1b) is H.
 43. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(2a) is F, and R^(2b) is H.
 44. The compound of claim 1, having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 45. The compound of claim 1, having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 46. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, and/or diluent.
 47. A method of modulating the activity of STING adaptor protein to induce production of a type I interferon, cytokine and/or chemokine dependent on the STING adaptor protein, comprising the step of providing the pharmaceutical composition of claim 46 to a subject in need thereof.
 48. A method of treating or preventing a viral infection, cancer, or inflammatory disease in a human or animal, comprising the step of providing the pharmaceutical composition of claim 46 to a subject in need thereof.
 49. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 48, wherein the viral infection is a hepatitis B infection or an HIV infection.
 50. A method of activating STING adaptor protein in a cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of the compound of claim 1, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 51. A method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in a human or animal, the method comprising administering to the human or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 52. A method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder responsive to activation of STING adaptor protein in a human or animal, the method comprising administering to the human or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 53. A method of treating or preventing a viral infection in a human or animal, the method comprising administering to the human or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the viral infection is a hepatitis B or HIV infection.
 55. A method of treating or preventing cancer in a human or animal, the method comprising administering to the human or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 56. A method of treating or preventing an inflammatory disease in a human or animal, the method comprising administering to the human or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally wherein the inflammatory disease is allergy, rhinitis, or asthma.
 57. A method of enhancing the efficacy of a vaccine in a human or animal, the method comprising administering to the human or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 58. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is administered with another therapeutically active agent.
 59. The compound of claim 1, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, alone or in combination with one or more therapeutically active agents, for use in therapy in a human or animal.
 60. The compound of claim 1, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, alone or in combination with one or more therapeutically active agents, for use in treating or preventing a disease or disorder responsive to activation of STING adaptor protein in a human or animal.
 61. The compound of claim 1, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, alone or in combination with one or more therapeutically active agents, for use in treating or preventing viral infection in a human or animal.
 62. The compound of claim 61, wherein the viral infection is a hepatitis B or HIV infection.
 63. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, alone or in combination with one or more therapeutically active agents, for use in treating or preventing cancer in a human or animal.
 64. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, alone or in combination with one or more therapeutically active agents, for use in treating or preventing an inflammatory disease in a human or animal, optionally wherein the inflammatory disease is allergy, rhinitis, or asthma.
 65. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in enhancing the efficacy of a vaccine in a human or animal.
 66. A method for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of viral infection, cancer or inflammatory disease in a human or animal, comprising the step of administering the compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject in need thereof.
 67. The method of claim 66, wherein the viral infection is a hepatitis B infection or an HIV infection. 